English has a large number of irregular verbs, approaching 200 in normal use - and significantly more if the prefix form is calculated. In most cases, irregularities concern the past tense (also called prestige) or the past participle.
Another part of the induced verb - a single indicative third is present in - [e] s , and the current participle and gerund form in --ing - is formed regularly in many case. There are some exceptions: the verb be has an irregular shape over time now; verbs have , do and say have an irregular form - [e] ; and certain defective verbs (such as modal maids) do not have much change.
Irregular verbs include many of the most common verbs: a dozen of the most commonly used English verbs are irregular. New verbs (including lending from other languages, and nouns used as verbs) usually follow the usual inflection, unless they are compounded formations of the irregular verbs that exist (such as housesit , from sit ).
Irregular verbs in Modern English usually derive from a verb that follows a more regular pattern at a previous stage in the history of the language. In particular, many such verbs are derived from powerful German verbs, which make their many forms of inflection through vowel gradation, as can be observed in modern English patterns such as sing-sang-sung. Ordinary verbs, on the other hand, with preterites and past participles that end in -ed , follow a weak conjugation, which initially involves adding a dental consonant ( -t or - d ). However, there are also many irregular verbs that follow or partially follow the weak conjugation.
For information on regular verb conjugations in English, as well as other points on using verbs, see English verbs.
Video English irregular verbs
Development
Most of the irregular English verbs are original, derived from existing verbs in Old English. Almost all verbs that have been borrowed to the language at a later stage fail on regular conjugations. There are, however, some exceptions, such as the catchy verbs of (catch) from (derived from Old Northern French cachier ), whose irregular shape comes from analogies to the original verbs such as .
Most irregular verbs exist as remnants of historical conjugation systems. When some grammatical rules change or are not used, some verbs are saved to the old pattern. For example, before the Great Vowel Shift, the verb is still (then pronounced "kehp"/to: p/) belongs to a group of vowels whose vowels are shortened in the past tense; this pattern is preserved in the modern tense that is stored (same as creeping , crying , jumping , remaining ). Verbs like peep , which have similar shapes but appear after Vocal Shift, take the usual end -ed .
The power of analogy tends to reduce the number of irregular verbs over time, since irregular verbs switch to regular conjugation patterns (for example, the verb chide once having an irregular past timer chid , but this has given way to the usual formation dicaci ). This is more likely to occur with less common verbs (where irregular forms are less familiar); hence often more common verbs (such as being , having , taking ) are likely to remain irregular. Many verbs today have irregular and regular shapes (as with spelled and spelled , dreaming and dreaming , etc.), a sign that irregular shape may be diminishing.
However, in some cases, the analogy has operated in another direction (an irregular verb form appears by analogy with an irregular verb that exists). This is the case with the example catch given above; others include wear and strings , which are initially weak verbs, but then conjugated like powerful verbs that sound the same bear and swing .
In American English, the regular verb forms include over 90% of cases, while English English has a regular form frequency of 69% according to a 1991 study.
The verb forms described in this article are mainly accepted in standard English; many regional dialects have different irregular shapes. In particular, it is quite common in some types of non-standard speech to use (standard) past forms as past participants, and vice versa.
Maps English irregular verbs
Groups
The irregular verbs of Modern English form several groups with similar patterns of conjugation and historical origin. It can be broadly grouped into two classes - the German weak and powerful - although historically a few verbs have moved between these groups. There are also some anomalous cases: the verbs being and going , indicating the taste; verbs do ; and broken capital verbs.
Strong verbs
A large number of irregular verbs are derived from powerful German verbs, which feature vowel shifts called ablauts, and do not add ends like -ed or -t to past forms. It sometimes retains past participles with ending - [e] n , as in giving-giving-and-ride
Verbs that maintain a strong inflection of modern English and add - [e] n in the past participle including bear , beat break , break , select , split , drew , drive , ate , dropped , fly leave , leave , give , grow know , lie , up , wake , /i>, slide , kill , hit , talk i> step , strive , swear , grab , tear i>, site , wake , weave , and write .
Those who did not add - [e] n in the past participle included to , begin , bind , bursts , sticks , come , drink , opponent , find >, fling , get (but with the past participle
The verb sowing and swell is now usually overwhelming, but maintains a strong type of past sowing and swelling >. Other verbs maintain participation in -n for the use of certain attributes, such as drunk and concave . The verb crow is now familiar in the past participle, but strong past tense crew sometimes used.
Some of the initial weak verbs have taken strong forms in analogy with strong verbs. This includes digging , dive (when dove used as past form), hide i proved (when proven used as past participle), saw (past participle sawn ), show (past participle shown ), spit , < i> stick , sprinkle , string , and wear (analogy with bear ).
For indications of a strong verb group of listed words belonging, see the table in the List of irregular English verbs.
Weak verb
Some other irregular verbs are derived from German weak verbs, forming past tenses and participating with the end of -d or -t (or from a strong initial verb that has switch to weak pattern). Weak conjugations are also the origin of ordinary verbs in -ed ; But various historical sound changes (and sometimes spelling changes) have caused certain types of irregularities in some verbs. The main process is as follows (some verbs have been charged more than this one).
- Some weak verbs with long vowels in today's tense stems (like fixed ) take short vocals in the past tense and past participle ( continue ).
- In some weak verbs ending in -t or -d end, the final consonant is united (contracted) with a weak past suffix to leave one < i> -t or -d in the previous form.
- Some verbs ending in l or n have their past ends irregularly declared to -t , and in a few words work ending with v or z votes ( let , lose ), both the voice and the last suffix are deceived. (The ordinary suffix -ed is also silenced after the silent consonant in a regular verb, as described under English verb Ã, Â Past Pastense, but this is not now displayed in spelling - for example, > -ed in blessed and shuffled pronounced as t , and these words were previously written blest and whipt . The spelling -t after the voiced consonant is maintained for a verb that displays irregularities, as in remains and cost .)
- Some weak verbs continue the vocal shift called RÃÆ'¼kumlaut ("reverse umlaut"). The details of the history of this verb can be found beneath the German weak verb; people with -gh - in spelling are also influenced by German spirit law.
- Some weak verbs have experienced additional contractions or shortening of vowels in their past or past forms.
- Some common verbs are in oral form, but have irregular spellings.
Irregular verbs (in normal use) can be grouped as follows:
- Verbal verbs: creep , run , hear , save jumps , shoes (when shod is used), sleep , swipe /i> (From this, creep , flies , jumps , sleep and i> derived from the first strong verb.)
- Verbs with short vocal and final devocation: transactions , dream , feel , lean , leave , lose (initially strong) and mean . Some verbs in this and in the previous group have alternate forms of regular, such as dreaming and jump .
- Verbs with consonant coalescence: bet , bid , bal , cost , i>, pas , hit , sick , knit , put > stop , delete , set , warehouse , close , split >, spread , push , get married and wet . Some of these verbs have regular alternate forms, such as mating and moistened . (The verb hoist behaves similarly to the verbs in this group, but this was originally a past form of the verb now hoise hoise ; > initially - and sometimes still - the past form clothing .)
- Verbs with a consonant consonant and final deviation: bend , wake , borrow , separate send , spend .
- Verbs with consonant smelting and vowel shortening: bleed , breed , feeds , lead , light , meet , read (past tense and past participle also spelled read , but pronounced with short vowel) i> speed .
- Verbs with final devotions and no other irregularities: burn , stay , learn , i> spell , spilled and broken . Most have the usual -ed form as an alternative.
- Verbs continue the pattern RÃÆ'¼ckumlaut : taken , bought , searched > sell-sells , taught-teach , told , and thoughts . Loan catch ( caught ) also falls into this pattern as a result of the analogy.
- Verbs with additional contraction and shortening: have-owned , made , say-word-say (where > say and say spoken with short vowels /?/). (The verb do has similar vocal shortening at not and done ; see below.) Irregular verbs are just spelled: lay-laid , pay (though in the sense of "removing", from strings etc, pay > may have a regular spelling paid ).
For a weak verb that has adopted a strong form of past form or past participle, see the above section on a strong verb. More information on developing some of the listed verbs can be found in the Irregular verbs list.
An anomaly case
The following verbs do not exactly match any of the above categories:
- The capital verb, which the verb is broken - they have only the present indicative form and (in some cases) the preterite, the less nonfinite (infinitive, participles, gerunds), imperative, and subjunctives (though some use of preterites are sometimes identified as subjunctives). Moreover, they do not add -s to a single third person - it is because they are derived either from preterites, or from the Germanic preterite verb-now, conjugated using a preterite (strong-type) form with present tense meaning. (Additional "true" preterites with past meanings are formed by the addition of dentals by means of weak verbs.) The main verbs of this class are may, maybe-maybe , must-be , will-be , and should and should (The latter two have no preterites. is the preterites themselves). There are also brave and necessary , which follow the same pattern (no -s ) in some contexts: "Dare he jumps? do not worry "( brave comes from the preterite-present verb, but need is from the Old English verb.) See English verb Ã,§Ã, Etymology.
- Two verbs ( be and go ) containing flexible forms, ie one or more of its parts are derived from completely different roots. With go this applies to past tense go , which originally comes from the verb wend . With being it applies to a number of different forms (see below). For details, see the Indo-European copula (for being ) and the article on the verb go . Derived from be is a damaged verb cautious , which does not change in normal use and only appears in forms where the plain form becomes > will be used, ie infinitive, imperative, and subjunctive.
- The verb do , which has a form of reduplication that do because of its past tense (irreconcilable traceable to Proto-Germanic). Past participle done can be compared with a typical strong participle in - [e] n ; but neither this person nor the present tense person did show a short vowel in modern pronunciation: /d? n/, /d? z/.
Verbs with irregular time tenses
Regardless of the capital verb, which is irregular because they do not take -s on the third person (see above), the only verb with irregular present present form is being have and say (and the initial form of this, such as cancel and replies , which are conjugated in the same way as the basic form).
The verb be has some irregular shapes. In this indicative it has am in the first person singular, is in a single third person, and is in plural and second person singular. (The current subtask is being , as in "I suggest that you be very careful.") It also has two tense forms of tense: is for the first and third person single, and are for plural and second person singular (although there are certain subjunctive uses where that can replace is ). Past participle is has , and the current participle and gerund form is common: being . For more details see the Indo-European copula.
As mentioned above, regardless of other irregularities, the verb do has a third person indicative of do is pronounced with a short vowel: /d? Z/.
The verb has having a third person contracted represents an indicative form: has /hÃÆ'Â|z/ (weak pronunciation /h? z/). It is shaped similar to the verb past the verb has .
The verb say shows the vocal abbreviation on the indicative third person present (although the usual spelling): say ? z/. The same shortening takes place in the former form the word => Representation in the International Phonetic Phonetic (IPA) ">/s? D/. (Compare diftongs in the usual form say /se?/.)
For a short form of a particular verb and its negation ( ' s , ' re , won 't , etc.), see English helpers and contractions.
Coincident shape
In an ordinary English verb, past tense and past participle have the same form. This also applies to most irregular verbs that follow the variations of weak conjugations, as can be seen in the list below. The distinction between past tense and past participle (as in sing-sang-sung, up and up ) generally occurs in cases of verbs that continue strong conjugations, or in some cases of weak verbs that have acquired strong forms with analogy - as with show (the usual pattern of past time shows , strong past participle type is displayed ). However, even some powerful verbs have the same past form and participle, as in cling-clung-clung .
In some verbs, past tense, past participle, or both are identical in form with the infinitive form of the verb. This is a case with certain strong verbs, where historical sound changes have led to generalization of vowel modifications: for example, let have past and past participle synonymous with infinitives, while coming having identical past participle (but different from past tense, coming ). The same applies to the verbs listed above under the weaker verb Ã, as having experienced a final consonant blend (and without other deviations such as shortening or devoicing vocals from the end): betting , < i> bid , etc. (these verbs have an infinitive, past tense and past participle all identical, although some of them also have alternate regular forms in -ed ). The verb read has the same spelling in all three forms, but not the same pronunciation, because it shows the shortening of the vowel.
In some cases, the past tense of an irregular verb has the same form as the infinitive of a different verb. For example, boring and found may be past tense bears and find , but may also represent independent (ordinary) verbs different meanings. Another example is lay , which may be a past tense of lie , but also an independent verb (common in pronunciation, but with irregular spelling: lay-laid -lalu ). Actually lay comes from the cause of the verb from which lie originated. Both verbs are sometimes confused, with lying used in the prescribed intransitive sense for lying .
Prefixed verbs
Almost all the basic irregular verbs are single-voiced words. (Their irregular inflection form is usually a syllable as well, except for past participants in -en as selected and increases .) However many additions Irregular verbs are formed by adding a prefix to the word: understand from standing , being from coming , error from capture , and so on. (These prefixes are generally omitted from the list below, but a large number appear in the table in the List of irregular English verbs.) As a general rule, prefix verbs are conjointly identical to the corresponding basic verbs; for example, we understand be understood and become-become-become , following the stand-standing-standing and -date . However, sometimes there is a difference: in English England, for example, past participle get is got , while the forgot is forgot .
Only a few irregular verbs are more than one syllable that can not be analyzed as the prefix of a single syllable. The only ones in normal use are start-start and leave-leave-leave (both of which are unrested prefixed verbs to English Modern). There is also beseech-besought-besought (this is from Old English bes? Can "to search or inquire about", make it equivalent to being - search , but has moved away from looking in both form and meaning); But the besought form is now archaic, the verb usually conjugated regularly ( requested ).
List
The Steven Pinker Book Words and Rules describe how the mistakes made by children in studying irregular verbs give light to the mental processes involved in language acquisition. The fact that young people often try to conjugate irregular verbs according to ordinary patterns suggests that their language processing involves applying rules to produce new forms, in addition to the simple reproduction of the forms they have heard.
See also regular and irregular verbs Ã, § Linguistics.
References
External links
- List of Irregular Verbs English (with search feature)
- Complete 638 English Irregular Verbs
- conjugasi.com Unusual and irregular verb conjunction
- Morphological Classification of Irregular Verbs English
- Unclassified English Verb Classification per group
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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