Timeline of United States inventions (1946-91)

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The time line of the invention of the United States (1946-1991) included the ingenuity and innovative progress of the United States in its historical context, dating from the Cold War era, which had been achieved by the inventors of either native or born-natural United States. Copyright protection secures the right of a person to first-to-find claims of the original of the invention concerned, highlighted in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the Constitution of the United States which provides the following mentioned powers to the United States Congress :

In 1641, the first patent in North America was issued to Samuel Winslow by the Massachusetts General Court for a new method of making salt. On April 10, 1790, President George Washington signed the 1790 Patent Act (1 Stat 109) into law stating that patents should be authorized for "useful art, manufacturing, machinery, or devices, or any increase in "On July 31, 1790, Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and be patented for the better method of" Making Pots and Pearls of Ashes. " The Patent Act of 1836 (Ch 357, 5 Stat. 117) further clarifies the law of the United States patent up to the level of establishment of the patent office in which the patent application is filed, processed and given, depending on the language and scope of the invention of the claimant. , for a patent of 14 years with an extension of up to 7 additional years. However, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 (URAA) amends the patent term in the United States to a total of 20 years, effective for a patent application filed on or after June 8, 1995, thereby bringing the United States patent law further into conformity with international patent law. The provisions of modern law applied to the invention are set forth in Title 35 of the United States Code (Ch 950, sec 1, 66 Stat. 792).

From 1836 to 2011, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has granted a total of 7,861,317 patents relating to several well known inventions that appear along the timeline below. Some examples of patented inventions between 1946 and 1991 include the transistor William Shockley (1947), John Blankenbaker's personal computer (1971), Vinton Cerf and Internet/TCP protocol Robert Kahn (1973), and Martin Cooper (1973).

Video Timeline of United States inventions (1946-91)

Perang Dingin (1946-1991)

Pasca perang dan akhir 1940-an (1946- 1949)

1946 Observatory room

Space observatories are any instrument, such as telescopes, in outer space used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other space objects. In 1946, American astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer was the first to understand the idea of ​​a telescope in space, a decade before the Soviet Union launched its first artificial satellite, Sputnik into orbit. Spitzer's proposal calls for a large telescope that will not be blocked by Earth's atmosphere. After lobbying in the 1960s and 1970s for such systems to be built, Spitzer's vision finally materialized into the world's first space-based optical telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope, launched on April 20, 1990 by Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-31).

1946 Spray blocker (annular)

An annular blowout preventer is a large valve that uses a wedge to cover the wellhead. It has a donut-like rubber seal, known as an elastomer packing unit, reinforced with steel ribs. During drilling or well intervention, the valve may be closed if excessive pressure from the underground zone causes formation fluids such as oil or natural gas to enter the borehole and threaten the rig. The annular detonation deterrent was created by Granville Sloan Knox in 1946 which received a patent on September 9, 1952.

1946 Tupperware

Tupperware is an airtight plastic container used for the preparation, storage, containment and serving of perishable foods in kitchens and homes. Tupperware was invented in 1946 by American chemist Earl Silas Tupper who designed the method of purifying the black polyethylene slag, a waste product produced in oil constriction, into a flexible, tough, non-porous, non-greasy and translucent substance. Available in many colors, plastic containers with "burp seals" did not become a commercial success until Brownie Wise, a Florida housewife, began holding a Tupperware party in 1951 to demonstrate the product and explain its features.

1946 Spoonplug

Spoonplug is a kind of fishing lure. Spoonplug was created by Elwood L. "Buck" Perry, then a physics and mathematics teacher at Hickory, North Carolina. Elwood Perry combines science with a logical approach to fishing to create a "total fishing system". He is credited as the father of the structural fishing and then inducted into the National Fishing Hall of Fame Freshwater.

1946 Chopped Teeth

Teeth chipper is a variant of the chain saws used on saws. Using a curved tooth above the chain, there are alternate teeth that lead to the left and right. In 1946, Joseph Buford Cox's woodcutter from Portland, Oregon created chipper teeth, which are still widely used today and is one of the biggest influences in logging history.

1946 Pita filamen

The tape of the filament or firm tape is the pressure-sensitive band used for some packaging functions such as closing the corrugated board of the fiberboard, reinforcing the package, packing the goods, utilizing the pallets, etc. It consists of a pressure sensitive adhesive superimposed onto a base material which is usually a polypropylene or polyester film and fiberglass filament grown to add high tensile strength. The filament tape was discovered in 1946 by Cyrus Woodrow Bemmels. In 1949, it was placed in the market and a direct success.

1946 Credit card

• A credit card is part of a payment system called a small plastic card issued to a system user. The card issuer provides a line of credit to the consumer from which the user can borrow money for payment to the merchant or as a down payment to the user. In 1946, American banker John C. Biggins of the National Bank Flatbush Brooklyn invented the first credit card issued by the bank.

1946 Diaper (waterproof)

• Diapers or diapers are absorbent clothes for disgruntled people. Wet or waterproof diapers were discovered in 1946 when Marion Donovan used shower curtains from his bathroom to create "Boater", the first reusable and leak-proof diaper that contained plastic-lined cloth. Donovan's other innovations replaced the safety pins with plastic buttons on the sides of the diapers. First sold in 1949 at Saks Fifth Avenue's main outlet in New York City, the patent was later issued in 1951 to Donovan who then sold the rights to a $ 1 million waterproof diaper.

1947 Transistor

In electronics, transistors are semiconductor devices commonly used to amplify or transfer electronic signals. Since the controlled output power can be much larger than the input power of the controller, the transistors provide signal amplification. Transistors are the fundamental building blocks of all modern electronic devices, and are used in radios, telephones, computers, and other electronic systems. From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT & amp; T Bell Labs, experimented and finally observed that when two gold point contacts are applied to the germanium crystal, a signal is generated where the output power is greater than the input. Bell Labs semiconductor research group manager William Shockley sees this potential and works over the next few months vastly expanding semiconductor knowledge to build the first point-of-contact transistor. Shockley is considered by many to be the "father" of the transistor. Therefore, in recognition of his work, the transistor is widely, but not universally recognized as the most important invention of the entire 20th century since it forms the current building blocks of processors found and used in almost all modern computing and electronic devices. In recognition of their invention of the transistor, Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.

1947 Defibrillator

Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia. Defibrillation consists of giving a dose of electrical energy therapy to the affected heart. Dr. Claude Beck invented the defibrillator in 1947.

1947 Supersonic aircraft

In aerodynamics, the sound barrier usually refers to the point at which the plane moves from transonic to supersonic speed. On October 14, 1947, just under a month after the United States Air Force was created as a separate service, the test culminated in the first manned supersonic flight where a damaged voice barrier was tested by Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager at Bell X -1.

1947 Cat akrilik

Acrylic paints are fast dry paints containing suspended pigments in an acrylic polymer emulsion. The first acrylic paint was created by Leonard Bocour and Sam Golden in 1947 under the brand paint of Magna.

1947 Clutch magnetic particles

The magnetic particle clutch is a special type of electromagnetic coupling that does not use friction plates. Instead, it uses a fine powder of a magnetically susceptible material (usually stainless steel) to mechanically connect with a free wheel disk attached to one axis, to a rotor attached to the other axis. The magnetic particle clutch was invented in 1947 by Jacob Rabinow of Ukrainian-Americans.

1948 Windsurfing

Windsurfing, or sailboarding, is a surface water sport using windsurfing board, also commonly called a display board, usually two to five meters long and powered by a wind that pushes the screen. In 1948, the 20-year-old Newman Darby was the first to understand the idea of ​​using a screen and a hand rig mounted on a universal junction so that he could control his little catamaran - the first non-steering sailing ship ever made that allowed one to steer by shifting his weight to tilt the front and back of the screen. Darby did not file a patent for his invention. However, he is widely recognized as the inventor of the first screen boards.

1948 Hair Spray

Hair sprays are a beauty solution that is used to keep hair stiff or in a certain style. Worse than hair gel, hair wax, or glue, it is sprayed to withstand forces for long periods of time. Using a pump or aerosol spray nozzle, spray evenly over the hair. Hair spray was first discovered and manufactured in 1948 by Chase Products Company, based in Broadview, Illinois.

1948 Cat Dirty

• Cat feces is one of a number of materials used in sandboxes to absorb water vapor from cat and urine feces, which reduces the smell of decay like ammonia and makes it more tolerable in the home. The first commercially available cat waste is Kitty Litter, which was available in 1948 and was created by Ed Lowe.

1948 Halligan Bar

• The Halligan bar is a special, customized entry tool commonly used by firefighters and law enforcement. It was designed by and named after Hugh Halligan, First Deputy Fire Deputy at New York City Fire Department, in 1948. While this tool was developed by Deputy Head of the New York City Fire Department, the department did not initially buy it. because of a conflict of interest in buying from members of the department.

1948 Hand dryers

• Hand dryers are electrical devices found in public toilets and used to dry hands. It can operate with the keypad, or newer, automatically using the infrared sensor. Hand dryers were invented in 1948 by George Clemens.

1948 Rogallo wing

Rogallo's wings are a flexible airfoil type consisting of two parallel cone surfaces with both cones pointing forward. Whether a kite, a glider, or a plane type, Rogallo's wings are most commonly seen on kite toys, but have been used to build parachute spaceships during initial testing for the NASA Gemini program in the early 1960s , air balloon, ultralight powered aircraft such as tricycles, and hanging gantol. Before the end of 1948, American aeronautical engineer Francis Rogallo had succeeded in creating the first successful flexible wing kite he called 'Flexi-Kite'. The patent was applied in 1948 and granted in 1951. His wife, Gertrude Rogallo, also made a significant impact on this invention, after sewing the fabric into the required dimensions using household items such as a kitchen curtain. Rogallo believes that flexible wings provide more stability than a fixed surface, leading to the elimination of rigid spars during flight. Therefore, the concept of Rogallo is seen as a classic example of purity and efficiency in flight.

1948 Cable television

Cable television provides television to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted to television via fixed optical fibers or coaxial cables as compared to over-the-air methods used in traditional television broadcasting. First known as the Television Antenna Community or CATV, cable television was born in the mountains of Pennsylvania in 1948 by John Walson and Margaret Walson.

1948 Flying disc

Flying discs are disc-shaped objects thrown and captured for recreation, generally made of plastic and about 20 to 25 cm in diameter (8-10 inches) in diameter, with lips. The shape of the disc, the airfoil in the cross section, allows it to fly by generating lift when moving in the air as it rotates. First known as the "Whirlo-Way", the flying disc was discovered in 1949 by Walter Frederick Morrison who combined his appeal with his invention and interest in flight. Carved from a solid block of a plastic compound known as "Tenite," Morrison sold the disc discovery to WHAM-O, which introduced it in 1957 as "Pluto Platter." In 1958, WHAM-O modified "Pluto Platter" and renamed it as Frisbee's flying disk to the world. It became an instant sensation.

1948 Video game

Video games are electronic games that involve interaction with the user interface to generate visual feedback on video devices. In 1948, ten years before William Higinbotham's Tennis for Two was developed, Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle R. Mann helped popularize the "Cathode-Ray Tube Entertainment Kit", making it the earliest documented video game. Primitive by modern standards in video games, entertainment devices, however, require players to overlay images or illustrations of a target like an airplane in front of the screen, performing a game action.

1949 Radiocarbon calendar

The radiocarbon dating is a dating method that uses naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 (14C) to determine the carbonaceous life of about 60,000 years. In 1949, Willard F. Libby invented the carbon-14 dating procedure.

1949 kantong Airsickness

A sling bag, also known as a pocket of vomit, an air bag, a sick bag, or a drunken briefcase, is a small bag normally reserved for passengers on planes and ships to collect and hold vomit in case of motion sickness. The airsickness bag was invented by Gilmore Schjeldahl in 1949 for Northwest Orient Airlines.

1949 Ice resurfacer

Es resurfacer is a vehicle like a truck used to clean and smooth the surface of an ice rink. Frank J. Zamboni of Paramount, California discovered the first resurfacer ice, which he called Zamboni, in 1949.

1949 Jam atom

Atomic clocks use the standard atomic resonance frequency as a timing element. The first atomic clock was an ammonia mask device built in 1949 at the Bureau of National Standards of the United States.

1949 Monitor Holter

The Holter Monitor is a portable device for continuously monitoring heart electrical activity for 24 hours or more. The patch on the chest (electrode) on the chest is connected to the cable from the Holter monitor. The Holter monitor functions capture and record information such as heart rate during the day and night, abnormal heart rate, and abnormal heart rhythms. The Holter Monitor was created by Norman Holter.

1949 Crash test dummy

The dummy crash test is a full-scale anthropomorphic test instrument that simulates the dimensions, proportion of body weight and articulation of the human body, and is usually instrumented to record data on ATD dynamic behavior in vehicle impact simulations. Using human and animal cadaver research from previous studies, the first dummy imitative dummy is an anthropomorphic doll named "Sierra Sam". It was discovered in 1949 by Samuel W. Alderson at Alderson Research Labs (ARL) and Sierra Engineering Co. for the United States Air Force while conducting tests on the ejection seats, pilot pilot tires, and flight helmets. Early doughmies of Alderson and its rivals are quite primitive, with no pelvic structure and little articulation of the spine. With American cars interested in durable test dummies that can be tested and retested while re-producing a wide spectrum of data during simulated car accidents, the first collision dummy test used for automated testing was once again invented by Samuel Alderson in 1968. It's called the VIP (Very Important People) and it's built with the dimensions of the average adult male coupled with steel ribs, articulated joints, flexible neck, and lumbar spine.

1949 Compiler

A compiler is a computer program or set of programs that converts source code written in a computerized source language to another computer language that often has a binary form known as object code. The most common reason to change the source code is to create an executable program. The first compiler written for the A-0 programming language was associated with its discoverer, Grace Hopper in 1949.

1949 Cat aerosol

• Aerosol paint, also called spray paint, is a type of paint that comes in a pressurized container that is sealed and released in a fine spray mist when pressing the valve button. A form of spray painting, aerosol paint leaves a smooth and even surface, unlike many paint that is rolled or brushed. In 1949, Ed Seymour of Sycamore, Illinois discovered aerosol paints, which were based on the same principle as spray and spray insecticides. This conveyance displays a small can of paint packed with aerosol propellant and equipped with a spray head.

1950s

1950 Artificial snowmass

Snowmaking is the production of artificial snow by forcing water and pressurized air through "snow rifles" or "snow cannons", on the ski slopes. Snowmaking is mainly used in ski resorts to complement natural snow. This allows the ski resorts to improve the reliability of their snow cover and extend their ski season. Expensive snow production requires low temperatures. Threshold temperatures for snowmaking decrease as moisture decreases. Engine-made snow was first created by three engineers - Art Hunt, Dave Richey and Wayne Pierce from Milford, Connecticut on March 14, 1950. Their patented invention of the first "snow cannon" uses garden hoses, 10-horsepower compressors, and spray nozzles -gun, which produces about 20 inches of snow.

Daun blower 1950

Leaf blowers are garden tools that push air out of the nozzle to move the debris of the yard like a leaf. Leaf blowers are usually driven by a two-stroke engine or electric motor, but a four-stroke engine was recently introduced to address some of the air pollution problems. The leaf blower is usually a standalone handheld unit, or a unit that is mounted with a hand-held rucksack. Leaf blowers were invented by Dom Quinto in 1950.

hamming code 1950

• In telecommunications, the Hamming code is a linear error correction code. Hamming codes can detect up to two simultaneous bit errors, and fix single bit errors; thus, reliable communication is possible when the Hamming distance between transmitted and received bit patterns is less than or equal to one. Conversely, a simple parity code can not fix errors, and can only detect an odd number of errors. Hamming codes are very important in coding theory and keep practical use in modern computer design. The Hamming Code was created in 1950 by Richard Hamming at Bell Labs.

1950 Teleprompter

Teleprompter is a display device that encourages people who speak with electronic visual text from a speech or script. Using a teleprompter is similar to the practice of using a hint card. The screen is in front and usually under the lens of the camera, and the words on the screen are reflected into the player's eyes using a clear piece of glass or a specially prepared splitter file. Teleprompter was invented in 1950 by Hubert Schlafly, who worked in the 20th Century Fox film studio in Los Angeles.

1950 Sengstaken-Blakemore tabung

A tube of Sengstaken-Blakemore is an oro or nasogastric tube that is used occasionally in the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to bleeding from esophageal varicose veins which are enlarged blood vessels in the esophageal wall, usually as a result of cirrhosis. It consists of a gastric balloon, an esophageal balloon, and a gastric suction port. The Sengstaken-Blakemore tube was discovered by Dr. Robert W. Sengstaken and Dr. Arthur H. Blakemore in 1950.

1951 Stellarator

• Stellarator is a tool used to limit hot plasma with magnetic field to maintain controlled nuclear fusion reaction. This is the earliest controlled fusion device. In 1951, American astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer recommended that the US Atomic Energy Commission begin to contain and utilize nuclear fusion at temperatures that exceed the surface of the Sun. To do this, Spitzer invented a plasma confinement configuration device called a stellarator.

1951 Cooler

• Cooler, cooler, cold ice chest, cold place, or the most common esky is an insulated box used to keep food or drinks cool. Ice cubes, which are very cold, are most often placed in them to keep things inside cool. Ice packs are sometimes used, as both contain water that melts inside, or has a gel sealed in it that also stays cool longer than plain water. This cooler was discovered in 1951 by Richard C. Laramy of Joliet, Illinois. Laramy filed a patent for cooling on February 24, 1951 and issued a US patent # 2,663,157 on December 22, 1953.

1951 Wetsuit

• Wetsuits are clothing, usually made of frothy neoprene, worn by divers, windsurfers, canoes, and others involved in water sports, providing thermal insulation, abrasion resistance and buoyancy. The insulating properties depend on the gas bubbles inside the material, which reduces its ability to heat. Bubbles also give wetsuit low density, providing buoyancy in water. This wetsuit was discovered in 1951 by the University of California at Berkeley physicist named Hugh Bradner.

1951 Correction Fluid

• Correction fluid is an opaque white liquid applied to paper to mask errors in text. That's very important when the material is typed with a typewriter, but it has become less so since the advent of a word processor. Correction fluid was invented by Bette Nesmith Graham in 1951. Originally called by the brand name "Mistake Out", Graham began selling fluid correction in 1956.

1951 Good counter

• The well counters are the tools used to measure radioactivity in small samples. Usually use a sodium iodide crystalline detector. It was discovered in 1951 by American electrical and biophysicist engineer, Hal Anger. Anger filed a US patent # 2,779,876 on March 3, 1953 for "Radio Distribution Activity Detector" which was subsequently issued on January 29, 1957.

1952 Airbag

Air bags are safety features designed to protect passenger cars in direct collisions. Most cars today have airbags on the driver's side and many have one on the passenger side as well. Located on the steering wheel assembly on the driver's side and on the dashboard on the passenger side, the air bag device responds within a few milliseconds of the collision. The original safety cushion was first made by John W. Hetrick in 1952. After a car accident involving his family, Hetrick drew a sketch of compressed air stored in a container. When the spring load feels the car slows down at a fairly fast rate, it opens a valve that allows pressure inside the container to fill the pouch. With this knowledge, he developed his design until he was able to obtain a patent on the device on August 5, 1952. Then in 1967, Allen S. Breed invented and developed a key component for automotive use in 1967, inertial inertial sensors for accident detection. Breed Corporation then marketed this innovation to Chrysler.

1952 Klip Roti

A bread clip is a tool used to store plastic bags, such as bread that has been sliced ​​before usually packed in, closed. They are also commonly called bread tags, bread tabs, bread ties, kinky bread, or bread-bag clips. By sealing the bag safer than binding or folding the open end, a clip or tie can hold the contents longer. The bread clip was created in 1952 by Floyd Paxton from Yakima, Washington. Paxton never patented the device.

1952 Barcode

A barcode is a representation of data that can be read by an optical engine, indicating certain data on a particular product. Initially, barcodes represent data in the width (line) and parallel line spacing, and can be referred to as linear or one dimensional barcodes or symbologies. They also come in quadratic patterns, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns in images called two-dimensional matrix codes or symbologies. Norman Joseph Woodland is famous for creating barcodes in which he received a patent in October 1952.

1952 Artificial Hearts

Artificial heart is implanted into the body to replace the biological heart. On July 3, 1952, 41-year-old Henry Opitek suffered from shortness of breath making a medical history at Harper University Hospital at Wayne State University in Michigan. The heart of Dodrill-GMR, considered the first operational mechanical heart, was created by Dr. Forest Dewey Dodrill and successfully put into Henry Opitek while performing open heart surgery. In 1981, Dr. Robert Jarvik planted the world's first permanent artificial heart, Jarvik 7, to Dr. Barney Clark. The heart, powered by an external compressor, keeps Clark alive for 112 days. Jarvik's heart is not forbidden for permanent use. Since 1982, more than 350 people have received the heart of Jarvik as a bridge to transplantation.

1953 Heart-Pulmonary Machine

• John Heysham Gibbon performed the first successful cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in which blood was circulated artificially and oxygenated using its invention, a pump known as the heart-lung machine. This new medical technology, which enables surgeons to operate in a dry, immobile heart by maintaining the blood circulation and oxygen content of the body, greatly improves the choice of surgical treatments for heart defects and illness.

1953 Voltmeter (digital)

• Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure the electrical potential difference between two points in an electrical circuit. The analog voltmeter moves the pointer across a scale proportional to the circuit voltage; Digital voltmeter provides numeric display of voltage by using analog to digital converter. Digital Voltmeter was created in 1953 by Andrew Kay, founder of Kaypro.

1953 Marker pen

• A marker, pen, pen, pen, or marker, is a pen that has a colored ink source, and usually a tip made of porous material, like felt or nylon. Sidney Rosenthal, of Richmond Hill, New York, is credited with creating a marker in 1953.

1953 WD-40

• WD-40 is a widely available water-draining spray that is useful both in the home and commercial fields; lubricate and loosen joints and hinges, remove dirt and residue, and screws and bolts that are wedged and released are common usage. This product can also be useful in replacing humidity, as this is the original design objective and intent. WD-40 was discovered in 1953 by Norm Larsen and two other employees at Rocket Chemical Company in San Diego, California.

1953 Apgar scale

• The Apgar scale is used to determine the physical status of a baby at birth. The Apgar scale is given to newborns one minute after birth and five minutes after birth. It scores the baby's heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and color. This test quickly tells the medical officer that the newborn needs help. This simple and easy-to-do test was discovered in 1953 by Dr. Virginia Apgar, an anesthesiology professor at Columbia-Presbyterian New York Medical Center.

1953 Gilhoolie

• Gilhoolie is a kitchen tool that opens the bottle and bottle. It was created by Dr. C. W. Fuller in 1953.

1953 Wheel clamp

• Wheels, also known as booting Denver shoes or wheels, are devices designed to prevent vehicles from moving. In its most common form, it consists of a clip that surrounds the wheel of the vehicle, which is designed to prevent both the appointment itself and the wheel. Clamp wheels are used to enforce laws against unauthorized or illegal parking, in lieu of offensive vehicle cranes, and for security purposes such as deterrent to vehicles stolen by thieves. Originally known as an auto immobilizer, Denver wheel clip or boot was invented in 1953 by Frank Marugg of Denver Colorado. The patent was filed on May 7, 1955 and published three years later on July 28, 1958.

1953 Wiffle Balls

• Wiffleball is a variation of baseball sport designed to play indoors or outdoors in restricted areas. The game is played using a hollow plastic ball, light, hollow, rubbery, and long, hollow, plastic and usually yellow bats. The Wiffle ball was invented by David N. Mullany from Fairfield, Connecticut in 1953 when he designed a ball that easily curved for his 12-year-old son. It's named when his son and his friends will refer to Coret as "smelly".

1953 MASER

• The maser produces a coherent electromagnetic wave through amplification because the emission is stimulated. Historically this term is derived from the acronym "Microwave Amplification by Stimulation Radiation Emission". Charles H. Townes, J. P. Gordon, and H. J. Zeiger built the first maser at Columbia University in 1953.

1953 Non-carbon copy paper

• Non-carbon copying paper is an alternative to carbon paper, which is used to make copies of original documents, handwriting without any electronic use. Carbonless copier paper was discovered by chemists Lowell Schleicher and Barry Green, working for NCR Corporation, as an alternative to biodegradable and stain free carbon papers.

cross-country amplifier 1953

• Cross-field amplifier (CFA) is a special vacuum tube that is often used as a microwave amplifier at very high power transmitters. CFAs have lower gain and bandwidth than other microwave booster tubes, but are more efficient and capable of producing much higher output power. William C. Brown is considered to have created the first crossedfield amplifier in 1953 which he called the Amplitron.

1954 Zipper storage bag

The zippered storage bag is a plastic bag with a closed or zipper opening that allows for a transparent view of the items stored in the bag. Better known as the generic brand name and trademark Ziploc , zipper storage bags are typically used for storing stale food and snacks. The zippered storage bag was patented by Robert W. Vergobbi on May 18, 1954. However, they would not be introduced to consumers until 1968, when Dow Chemical introduced the Ziploc bag.

1954 TV dinner

Dinner on TV is packaged, frozen or cold food, generally in individual packages. It requires a little preparation, a baked oven or microwave, and contains all the elements for food that serve once in a tray with a compartment for food. Carl A. Swanson of C.A. Swanson & amp; Children are generally credited for creating a dinner show on TV. Swanson executive retired, Gerry Thomas, said that he understood the idea after the company found himself with a large surplus of frozen turkey due to poor Thanksgiving sales.

1954 Speaker acoustic suspension

• Woofer acoustic suspension is a type of loudspeaker that reduces bass distortion caused by rigid and non-linear mechanical suspension on conventional speakers. The loudspeaker acoustic suspension was created in 1954 by Edgar Villchur, and brought to commercial production by Villchur and Henry Kloss with the establishment of Acoustic Research in Cambridge Massachusetts.

1954 Rocket model

• Model rockets are small rockets that are generally advertised as being able to be launched by anyone, to generally low altitudes, usually around 300-1500 feet, and recovered in various ways. Popular among children and amateurs, the rocket model is considered a hobby. In 1954, licensed parseographer Orville Carlisle with his brother Robert, designed the first model rocket and rocket motor model.

1954 Door (auto slide)

• The automatic sliding door is open and closed either by electricity, spring, or by the sensor. This eliminates the need for someone to open or close the door by turning the door knob or pressing the bar on the door itself. Automatic sliding doors are usually found at the entrance and exit of supermarkets, department stores, and airport terminals. In 1954, Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt co-created the automatic sliding door.

1954 Mogen clamp

• The Mogen clamp is a surgical tool used to circumcise man's penis. This tool is designed to remove the foreskin, while protecting the gland. Mogen's brace was created in 1954 by Rabbi Harry Bronstein, Brooklyn, New York mohel. For many years it was used only in Jewish circumcision rituals in a ceremony called bris. However, in recent years, American physicians use clamps more often in medical settings for circumcision in newborns.

1954 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an essential life-saving first aid skill, practiced worldwide. This is the only effective method known to keep a person who has suffered a heart attack live long enough to get definitive treatment. In 1954, James Elam was the first to demonstrate experimentally that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a sound technique, and together with Drs. Peter Safar he showed his superiority on the previous method.

1954 Active fault control

• Active noise control, also known as noise cancellation, is a method of reducing unwanted noise through the addition of a second sound specially designed to cancel the first one. The active noise canceling headphones was created by Lawrence J. Fogel, an aerospace engineer who worked to improve communication in the helicopter cockpit, with the patent filed April 2, 1954. His research led to the first five patents in noise cancellation for headphones between 1954-1961.

1954 Synthetic diamond

• Synthetic diamonds are diamonds produced in a technological process compared to natural diamonds, made in geological processes. Synthetic diamonds are also widely known as HPHT diamonds or CVD diamonds, HPHT and CVD being a production method, high pressure high pressure synthesis and chemical vapor deposition, respectively. Although the concept of producing high quality artificial diamonds is the old, reproducible diamond synthesis is not. In 1954, Howard Tracy Hall at the GE Research Laboratory invented a donut belt press, which limited the sample space and two curved, tapered pistons to put pressure on the chamber to produce the first commercially successful and reproducible synthesis. diamond.

1954 Radar gun

• A radar gun or speed gun is a small Doppler radar used to detect the velocity of objects. It depends on the Doppler Effect applied to the radar jets to measure the speed of the intended object. A radar gun can be held by hand or mounted on a vehicle. Bryce K. Brown invented a radar gun in March 1954.

1955 Sling lift

Sling lifting is a tool that allows patients in hospitals and nursing homes and those who receive home health care are transferred between beds and chairs or other similar rest areas, using hydraulic power. Sling lifts are used for patients with limited mobility. Lift sling patented on April 12, 1955 by Ronald R. Stratton in what he calls "a floor crane with adjustable feet".

1955 Crosby-Kugler capsule

The Crosby-Kugler capsule is a tool used to obtain a small intestinal mucosal biopsy, which is necessary for the diagnosis of various small bowel diseases. It was discovered by Dr. William Holmes Crosby, Jr. in 1955.

1955 nuclear submarine

USS Nautilus , the world's first nuclear submarine, revolutionized the sea war. Conventional submarines require two engines: diesel engines to travel on surfaces and electric engines for submerged travel, where oxygen for diesel engines is not available. By relying on nuclear capability, the USS Nautilus can travel uninterruptedly for thousands of miles below the surface with a single fuel charge. Beginning in 1951, Admiral Hyman Rickover can be credited for the world's first nuclear submarine design that leads and supervises a group of scientists and engineers at the Navy Reactor Branch of the Atomic Energy Commission. After sea trials were conducted and testing completed, USS Nautilus became fully operational in January 1955.

1955 Hard disk drive

• Hard disk drives, or hard drives, hard disks, or fixed disk drives, are non-volatile storage devices that store digitally encoded data on fast rotating disks with magnetic surfaces. The hard disk drive was created by Reynold Johnson and was commercially introduced in 1956 with the IBM 305 RAMAC computer.

1955 Harmonic drive

• Drive harmonics are a special kind of mechanical equipment system that can improve certain characteristics compared to traditional gearing systems. Drive harmonics was created in 1955 by Walton Musser. US Patent # 2,906,143 filed on March 21, 1955 and issued to Musser on September 29, 1959.

1955 Vibrating magnetometer sample

• A vibrating sample magnetometer or VSM is a scientific instrument that measures magnetic properties in which the sample then physically vibrates sinusoidally, usually through the use of piezoelectric materials. It was discovered in 1955 by American physicist Simon Foner at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Foner filed a US patent # 2,946,948 on June 20, 1957. It was issued on July 26, 1960.

1956 Lint roller

The cloth roll or fiber remover is a roll of one-sided adhesive paper on a cardboard or plastic barrel mounted on a central axle, with an attached handle. This device facilitates the removal of fibers or other small fibers from most materials such as clothing, upholstery and linen. The fabric roll was invented in 1956 by American electrical engineer Nicholas McKay and his wife, Helen.

Balapan Kart 1956

Kart racing or karting is a variant of an open-wheel sport bike with a simple, small four-wheeled vehicle called a kart, go-kart, or karts gearbox depending on the design. Karts vary greatly in speed and some can reach speeds exceeding 160 mph, while go-karts aimed at the general public at amusement parks may be limited to a speed of no more than 15 mph. In the summer of 1956, hot trunk veteran Art Ingels built the first go-kart of an old car frame, weld bead, and lawnmower motor, unaware that he had created a new sport and racing form of the car.

1956 Industrial robot

Industrial robots are versatile manipulators that can be programmed automatically, can be programmed and can be programmed in three or more axes. The first to create an industrial robot is George Devol and Joseph F. Engelberger.

1956 Operating system (batch processing)

An operating system (OS) is software (programs and data) that runs on a computer and manages computer hardware and provides general services for efficient execution of various application software. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between the application program and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually run directly by the hardware, but will often call the OS or be interrupted by it.. The operating system is found on almost any device containing computers - from cell phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. GM-NAA I/O, created by Owen Mock and Bob Patrick of General Motors Research Laboratories in early 1956 (or late 1955) for IBM 701 mainframe computers were generally considered to be the first "batch processing" operating system and possibly the "real" first. Forms of a rudimentary operating system exist prior to batch processing, the Input/Output Control System (IOCS) becomes one example. However, what specifically distinguishes and makes GM-NAA I/O the first of its kind is that instead of having human operators manually loading every program as previously only capable of doing by the system, the computerized software as used on GM-NAA I/O, after which handle scheduling, management, and multi-tasking of all computer applications.

1956 Fortran

• Fortran is a general-purpose, procedural, and imperative programming language that is particularly suited for numerical computing and scientific computing. Fortran has dominated this programming area since its inception and has continued to be used for more than half a century in computational intensive fields such as numerical weather forecast, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), computational physics, and computational chemistry. It is one of the most popular languages ​​in the field of computing and high-performance programs to measure and rank the world's fastest supercomputer written at Fortran. In 1956, John Backus and his research team at IBM invented the Fortran programming language for IBM 704 mainframe computers.

1956 Videotape

• Videotape is a tool to record images and sounds to magnetic tape as opposed to a movie movie. The first professional practical videotape machine was the Quadruplex video recording machine introduced by Ampex on April 14, 1956. Created by Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby, Quad used a four-head system across two-inch ribbons (5.08 cm), and linear to the soundtrack.

1956 particle storage ring

• Storage rings are a kind of circular particle accelerator in which continuous or pulsed particle beams can continue to circulate for long periods of time, up to many hours. Gerard K. O'Neill invented the first particle storage ring in 1956.

1957 Skid-steer loader

Skid loader or skid steer loader is a small rigid frame, a machine-powered engine with a lift arm used to install a variety of labor-saving equipment or attachments. Although sometimes they are equipped with tracks, the skid-steer wheel loader is usually a four-wheeled vehicle that can push material from one location to another, carry material in its bucket, or load material into a truck or trailer. Brothers Louis and Cyrill Keller co-created the first skid-steer loader, based on a three-wheeled loader they developed in 1957 for a turkey farmer near Rothsay, Minnesota. In September 1958, they were hired by Melroe's brother at Melroe Manufacturing Company in Gwinner, North Dakota, which later became Bobcat Company. Using a sibling design, Melroe introduced the M60 Self-Propelled Loader and, in 1960, Louis added a rear axle drive, producing the M400 model, the first true skid-steer loader in the world.

1957 Laser

A laser is a device that emits electromagnetic radiation through a process called stimulated emission. Laser light is usually spatially coherent, which means that light is either emitted in a narrow, low-divergence beam, or can be converted into one with the help of optical components such as lenses. Lasers are used to read compact discs and bar codes, guide missiles, remove ulcers, fabricate steel, measure distances from Earth to the Moon, record images of ultradefined brain tissue, entertain people in light shows and do thousands of other things. In 1957, American physicist Gordon Gould first put forward the idea and use of laser technology. Despite a 20-year battle with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Gould is now widely associated as the original inventor of the laser. In addition, Charles H. Townes and Arthur L. Schawlow, scientists at Bell Laboratories, wrote a paper, "Infrared and Optical Masers" in 1958 that was very influential on laser theory. Ironically, Gould, Townes, or Schawlow never made the first working laser. On July 7, 1960, American physicist Theodore H. Maiman invented and built the first laser. The laser core consists of man-made ruby ​​as an active medium, a material that has been judged inappropriate by other scientists who reject the crystal nuclei that support various gases.

1957 Confocal microscope

• Confocal microscopy is an optical imaging technique used to improve micrograph contrast and to reconstruct a three-dimensional image using a spatial needle pin to remove out-of-focus light or flare in specimens thicker than the focal plane. This technique has gained popularity in the scientific and industrial communities. Common applications include life sciences and semiconductor examinations. The confocal imaging principle was created and patented by Marvin Minsky in 1957.

1957 Sugar packets

• The sugar packet is a delivery method for one serving of sugar. Sugar packets are generally supplied in restaurants and coffee bars that favor sugar or sugar dispensers for neatness, spill control, and to some extent portion control. In 1957, a sugar pack consisting of low-calorie sugar substitutes, was created by Benjamin Eisenstadt, founder of Cumberland Packing or better known today as Sweet 'N Low.

1957 Air bubble packaging

Better known as the Bubble Wrap brand name, air bubble packaging is a transparent plastic bending material commonly used for fragile and fragile bearing items to absorb or minimize shock and vibration. A regular row, a prominent air hemisphere known as a "bubble" of 1/4 inch (6 mm) in diameter, up to an inch (26 millimeters) or more. Air bubble packaging was co-created by Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes in 1957.

1957 Borazon

Borazon, allotrop boron nitride, is the fourth most difficult substance, after nanorods, fullerite nanahard, and diamond, and the third hardest artificial material. Borazon is a crystal made by heating the same amount of boron and nitrogen at temperatures over 1800 ° Celsius, 3300 ° Fahrenheit at 7 gigapascals of 1 million tons per square inch. Borazon was first discovered in 1957 by Robert H. Wentorf, Jr., a physical chemist working for the General Electric Company. In 1969, General Electric adopted the name Borazon as his trademark for crystals.

Kamera Gamma 1957

The gamma camera is a device used to emit gamma radiation that emits radioisotopes, a technique known as scintigraphy. Skintigraphic applications include the development of early drugs and nuclear medical imaging to view and analyze images of the human body from medically distributed, injected, inhaled, or ingested distributions of gamma rays. The gamma camera was created by Hal Anger in 1957.

1957 Cryotron

• Cryotron is a switch that operates using superconductivity. Cryotron works on the principle that the magnetic field destroys superconductivity. Cryotron was invented by Dudley Allen Buck in 1957.

1958 fetal Doppler monitor

• Doppler heart rate, also called a fetal doppler monitor or fetal doppler heart monitor, is a handheld device that uses ultrasound to identify fetal heart rate as part of a prenatal health care step. The fetal doppler monitor was discovered in 1958 by the American obstetrician Dr. Edward H. Hon.

1958 Cable tie

• The tie cable, also known as a zip tie or tie, is a type of binder, especially for binding some electronic wires or cables together and for arranging cables and cables. They have also been used as emergency handcuffs, especially in the United States, Britain, and in Panama. The cable tie, originally known as Ty-Rap, was created in 1958 by Maurus C. Logan, who worked for many years at Thomas & amp; Betts. Logan filed a US patent # 3,022,557 on June 24, 1958 issued to him on February 27, 1962.

1958 Lisp programming language

• Lisp is a family of computer programming languages ​​with a long history and different syntax and is inserted completely. Originally determined in 1958, Lisp is the second oldest high level programming language widely used today in which Fortran is the oldest. Invented by John McCarthy in 1958.

1958 Carbon fiber

• Carbon fibers are materials consisting of very thin fibers about 0.005-0.010 mm in diameter and are composed mostly of carbon atoms. In 1958, Dr. Roger Bacon invented the first high-performance carbon fiber at the Union Carbide Parma Engineering Center, located outside Cleveland, Ohio.

1958 Integrated Circuit

Integrated circuits are miniature electronic circuits that have been manufactured on the surface of thin substrates of semiconductor materials. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the electronic world. The integration of large numbers of small transistors into small chips is a major improvement over the assembly of manual circuits using discrete electronic components. On September 12, 1958, Jack Kilby developed a piece of germanium with an oscilloscope attached. While pressing the button, the oscilloscope shows a continuous sine wave, proving that its integrated circuit works. Patent for "Solid Circuit made of Germanium", the first integrated circuit, filed by its discoverer, Jack Kilby on February 6, 1959.

1959 Fusor

Fusor is a tool invented by Philo T. Farnsworth in 1959 to create nuclear fusion. Unlike most controlled fusion systems, which slowly heat up the finite plasma magnet, the fusor injects a "high temperature" ion directly into the reaction chamber, thereby avoiding a large amount of complexity. This approach is known as inertia electrostatic confinement.

1959 Weather satellite

• Weather satellites are a type of satellite primarily used to monitor Earth's weather and climate. The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2 , was launched on February 17, 1959, although the first successful weather satellite was TIROS-1 , launched by NASA on April 1, 1960.

1959 Spandex

• Spandex is a synthetic fiber known for its remarkable elasticity typically worn as a dress for exercise and gymnastics. Spandex is stronger and more durable than rubber, its main non-synthetic competitor. Spandex was discovered in 1959 by DuPont chemist Joseph Shivers.

1960s

1960 Child safety seat

• Child safety chairs (sometimes referred to as baby safety chairs, child restraints, restrained car seats, or ambiguous seating), are specially designed seats to protect children from injury or death during a crash. They are generally used by children while driving a vehicle. In 1960, Leonard Rivkin of Denver, Colorado invented the first child safe car seat for use in vehicles equipped with bucket seats. The patent was filed on 5 March 1962 and issued on October 22, 1963.

1960 Synthetic grass

• Synthetic grass, or synthetic grass, is an artificial surface made to look like a natural grass. It is most commonly used in the arena for sport that was originally or usually played on the grass. In 1960, David Chaney was a man known for generating first-generation artificial grass. Synthetic grass then had its commercial birth in 1965 when it was installed at Reliant Astrodome, a stadium in Houston, Texas.

1960 magnetic stripe card

• Magnetic stripe cards are a type of card capable of storing data by modifying the magnets of small magnetic iron-based particles on a magnetic material band on the card. Magnetic lines, sometimes called magstripe, are read by physical contact and sweep past the reading head. Magnetic stripe cards are commonly used in credit cards, identity cards such as driver's licenses, and transport tickets. Magnetic stripe cards were invented in 1960 by IBM engineer Forrest Parry, who fabricated the idea of ​​combining a piece of magnetic tape to store information and secure data onto a plastic card base.

1960 Global navigation satellite system

The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) provides autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. A GNSS allows small electronic receivers to determine their location such as longitude, latitude, and altitude up to several meters using time signals transmitted along the line of sight by radio from satellites in space. Recipients on fixed ground ground can also be used to calculate the exact time as a reference for scientific experiments. The first system is Transit , developed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory under the leadership of Richard Kershner. The system development for the US Navy began in 1958, and the prototype satellite, Transit 1A, was launched in September 1959. The satellite failed to reach orbit. The second satellite, Transit 1B , was launched April 13, 1960 by the Thor-Ablestar rocket. The last satellite launch of Transit was conducted in August 1988.

1960 Combined oral contraceptive pill

Combined oral contraceptive pills, or birth control pills, or simply "birth control pills", are a combination of estrogen and progestin taken orally to inhibit normal female fertility. On May 9, 1960, the FDA announced it would approve Enovid 10 mg for contraceptive use. By the time Enovid 10 mg has been used generally for three years, at least half a million women have used it. Initial research and studies in women's fertility feasibility in 1950, Dr. Gregory Pincus invented the combined oral contraceptive pill in 1960.

1960 Obsidian hydration dating

Obsidian hydration dating is a geochemical method for determining age either in absolute or relative terms of artifacts made of obsidian. Obsidian hydration dating was introduced in 1960 by Irving Friedman and Robert Smith of the United States Geological Survey.

1960 Laser laser

The gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is released through the gas to produce light. The first gas laser, Helium-neon, was invented by William R. Bennett, Don Herriott, and Ali Javan in 1960. The first continuous visible gas laser, operating at 632.8 m in red, was created by the White AD and JD Rigden on year 1962.

1961 Spreadsheet (electronic)

• An electronic spreadsheet organizes the data information into columns and rows specified by computer software. Mainly used for business and accounting purposes, data can then be "added" by the formula to give the total or amount. The spreadsheet program summarizes information from multiple paper sources in one place and presents information in a format to help decision makers see a company's "big picture" of finances. Spreadsheets in paper format have been used by accountants for hundreds of years. However, the computerized electronic spreadsheet comes from a much newer one. In 1961, Richard Mattessich, a professor at the University of California at Berkeley, pioneered the concept of electronic spreadsheets for use in business accounting. In the fall of 1978, Harvard Business School student Dan Bricklin came up with the idea for a calculator that looked interactive. Bricklin and Bob Frankston later co-created the VisiCalc software program, the world's first "killer application" and electronic spreadsheet for use on personal computers.

1961 Usable computer

• A workable computer is a computer that can be used on the body. Usable computers are particularly useful for applications that require computing support while the hands, voice, eyes, or user concerns are actively involved with the physical environment. The first wearable computer was conceived by American mathematician Edward O. Thorp in 1955 and collaborated with American electronics engineer Claude Shannon.

1961 Frozen Fizzy Drink

• Carbonated frozen drinks are a mixture of flavored sugar syrups, carbon dioxide, and water frozen by a special machine that creates a drink consisting of delayed crystalline ice mud, with little liquid. In 1961, Omar Knedlik of Coffeyville, Kansas invented the first frozen carbonation drink machine and was thus recognized as the inventor of frozen soft drinks. In 1965, 7-Eleven licensed the machine, and began selling Knedlik invention under a brand name known as Slurpee.

1961 Biofeedback

• Biofeedback is an alternative form of treatment that involves measurable measurable body measurements of a subject such as blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperature, sweat gland activity, and muscle tension, delivering information to the patient in real-time.. This increases the patient's awareness and unconscious control over his unconscious physiological activities. Neal Miller is generally regarded as the father of modern biofeedback. Miller theorized the basic principles of biofeedback by applying his theory that classical conditioning and operand are both the result of general learning principles in 1961. Miller hypothesized that any measurable physiological behavior in the human body would respond in some way to voluntary control. li>

1962 Communications satellites

• Communications satellites are artificial satellites placed in space for telecommunications purposes. Modern communication satellites use various orbits. For fixed point-to-point services, satellite communications provide microwave radio relay technology that complements submarine communication cables. Created in 1962 by American aerospace engineer John Robinson Pierce, NASA launched Telstar , the first active communications satellite in the world

  Source of the article : Wikipedia