An animal glue is an adhesive made with an extended boil of animal connective tissue.
This colloidal protein gland is formed by collagen hydrolysis of the skin, bones, tendons, and other tissues, similar to gelatin. The word "collagen" itself comes from the Greek ????? kolla , glue. These proteins form molecular bonds with a glued object.
The stereotype, the animal in question is a horse, and the horse that is placed is often said to have been "sent to a glue factory". However, other animals are also used, including rabbits and fish.
Video Animal glue
History
Initial use
Animal glue has existed since ancient times, although its use is not widespread. Glue from horse teeth can be nearly 6000 years old, but no written record of these times can prove that they are fully or extensively used.
The first written procedure made to make animal glue was written around 2000 BC. Between 1500-1000 BC, it was used for wooden furniture and mural paintings, found even in Egyptian Pharaoh's coffins. Evidence in the form of stone carvings depicting the preparation and use of glue, mainly used for the furnishing of the pharaoh's tomb. Egyptian records say that animal glue will be made by melting it on fire and then applied with a brush.
The Greeks and Romans then used animal glue and fish to develop coating and marquetry, binding of thin parts or layers of wood. Animal glue, known as taurokolla in Greek and gluten taurinum in Latin, was made from the bark of bulls in ancient times. Pottery pottery may also be repaired by using adhesive animals, filling cracks to hide imperfections.
Around 906-618 BC, China makes use of fish, calves, and deer antlers to produce adhesives and binders for pigments. Animal glue was used as a binder in paint media during the Tang Dynasty. Records show that one of the important components of sooty ink is protein glue. Glue and stag-horn glue bond the particles bonded pigment together, acting as a preservative by forming the film over the surface as dry ink. The Chinese, like Kao Gong Ji, also researched the glue for medicinal purposes.
Reemergence
The use of animal glue, as well as several other types of glue, largely disappeared in Europe after the decline of the Western Roman Empire until the sixteenth century until the eighteenth, when wooden furniture began to soar as a major craft. During the Middle Ages, fish glue remained a source for painting and shining on manuscripts. Since the 16th century, hide glue has been used in violin construction.
Native Americans will use the nail glue as a binder and as an impermeable layer by boiling it from the remaining parts of the animal and applying it to an open surface. They sometimes use glue as a paint to achieve a pattern after applying pigments and tanning to hide. Nail glue will be used for purposes other than leather, such as hair preservative. The Assiniboins prefer long hair, so they will plaster the strands with a mixture of earth red and nail glue. It will also be used to tie fur and equipment together.
Glue industry
The first commercial glue factory opened in the Netherlands around 1700, producing animal glue from the skin. The first glue factory of the United States opened in 1899, founded by the Milwaukee Tannery Industry. The L.D. The Davis Company flourished producing animal glue during the Great Depression after shifting its focus from stencils, selling to local box makers and other users; L.D. The Davis animal glue formula for book binding is still produced. During the 18th and 19th centuries, ranchers threw away old animals - especially horses - to glue the mills. The emergence of synthetic adhesives marks the collapse of the animal glue industry.
The modern usage
Today, animal glues are rarely industrialized, but are still used to make and return objects, paintings, lighted parchment manuscripts, and other artifacts. Gelatin, a form of animal glue, is found in many contemporary products, such as gelatin desserts, marshmallows, and pharmaceutical capsules, and is used to strengthen the wrapping of veins, wood, skin, bark, and paper. The concealed glue is also favored by many luthiers on synthetic adhesives for its reversibility, endurance and tendency to attract the closed joints as it heals.
This adhesive is widely used as glue, sizing, or varnish, although it is not often used as another adhesive because it dissolves in water. Other aspects, such as the difficulty of wet storage, the need for fresh raw materials (animal skin can not rot or oil burned), make this product more difficult to find and use. The factory now produces other adhesive forms, because the process for animal glue is complicated and difficult to follow. Glue in animals will also darken with age and shrink when dry, giving them the potential to damage wood, paper, or artwork. Too much handling and too much change in temperature or humidity can cause further damage. Some companies, like those in Canada, still produce animals, hide and wipe glue from horses. Recently, animal glue has been replaced with adhesives and other plastics, but remains popular for restorations.
Maps Animal glue
Type and use
Animal glue is the most common woodworking glue for thousands of years until the emergence of synthetic adhesives, such as polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and other resin adhesives, in the 20th century. Today it is used mainly in special applications, such as lutherie, building pipe organ, piano repair, and antique restoration. Glass artists harness the hide glue's ability to bind with glass, applying hide glue to glass. As the glue hardened, he shriveled, cutting the glass.
It has several advantages and disadvantages compared to other glue. Glue applied heat, usually with a brush or spatula. The glue is kept hot in the pot glue, which may be a purpose built electric unit, a double kettle, or just a pot or a crock pot to provide a warm bath for a container of glue.
Most of the animal's glue is soluble in water, useful for joints that at a time need to be separated. Alcohol is sometimes applied to the joint to dry the glue, making it more fragile and easier to crack. Steam can also be used to soften glue and separate the joints.
Typical types include hiding glue , bone glue , fish glue , rabbit skin glue .
Hide glue
Hide glue used in woodworking. These can be given as granules, flakes, or flat sheets, which have an unlimited shelf life when kept dry. It is dissolved in water, heated and applied warmly, usually about 60 ° C (140 ° F). The warmer temperatures quickly destroy the power of the glue hide. A commercial glue pot, a simple water bath or a double boiler can be used to keep the glue hot while in use. As the glide cools, the gel becomes fast. At room temperature, the glue that has been prepared has a consistency of rigid gelatin, which in fact has the same composition. Hidden glue gel has no significant strength, so it's important to apply glue, adjust the pieces, and hold the glue before the glue temperature falls well below 50 ° C (120 ° F). All glue has load time , the amount of time the glue remains liquid and workable. Joining a section after the end time will result in a weak bond. Hide glue opening time is usually one minute or less. In practice, this often means having to heat up the pieces to be glued, and sticking in a very warm room, although these steps can be eliminated by if the glue and clamp surgery can be done quickly.
Where the hidden glue is used occasionally, excess glue can be stored in the freezer, to prevent decay from the growth of microorganisms. Hide glue has some filling properties of the gap, although adhesive filling of modern gaps, such as epoxy resins, is better in this regard.
Hiding the liquid glue at room temperature is also possible through the addition of urea. In stress tests conducted by Mark Schofield of Fine Woodworking Magazine, "liquid hide glue" compared to the normal glue on the average bond strength. "However, any glue that is hidden liquid for six months can be suspected because urea eventually hydrolyzes the protein structure of the glue and weakens it - even though the product is 'protected' with various bactericides and fungicides during manufacture.
Production
Animal hides are immersed in water to produce "stock." The stock is then treated with lime to break down the skin. Coir is then rinsed to remove lime, any residue neutralized with a weak acid solution. Hides are heated, in water, to carefully controlled temperatures of about 70 degrees Celsius. The 'liquor fat' is then withdrawn, more water is added, and the process is repeated at an elevated temperature.
The glue solution is then dried and mashed into a pellet.
Properties
Significant losses of glue hide - thermal limitations, short load times, and susceptibility to micro-organisms - are offset by several advantages. Hiding glue joints is reversible and can be repaired. Most recently the glued joints will easily come loose with hot and steam applications. Hide the glue attached to itself, so the repairman can apply a new protective glue to the joint and close it again. In contrast, the PVA adhesive does not stick to itself once it is healed, so successful improvement requires the removal of the old glue first - which usually requires removal of part of the embedded material.
Hiding glue creates a somewhat fragile connection, so a strong shock often leads to very clean breaks along the joint. Conversely, splitting connections attached to PVA will usually damage the surrounding material, resulting in irregular breaks that are more difficult to repair. This fragility is exploited by instrument makers. For example, instruments in the violin family require periodic demolition for repair and maintenance. The top of the violin is easily removed by prying a palette knife between the top and the ribs, and running it around the joint. The fragility allows the top to be removed, often without significant damage to the wood. Replacing the top only requires the use of new hot protective glue on the joints. If the top of the violin is attached with a PVA glue, removing the top will require heat and steam to disassemble the joint (causing varnish damage), then the wood must be removed from the joint to ensure no residual PVA is preserved prior to use. returns the top.
Hide the glue also serves as its own clamp. Once the glue starts to gel, it pulls joints together. The violin maker can glue the middle layer of the top and back plate together using scrubbing the joint instead of using the clamp. This technique involves plating half of the joint with a heat-protective glue, and then rubbing the other half against the joint until the gel cleanser begins to gel, at which point the glue becomes tacky. At this point the plates are set aside without clamps, and glue hide pulls the joint joints together as it hardens.
Hide the glue regains its working nature after cooling if heated. This property can be used when the glue opening time does not allow the connection to be attached normally. For example, the cello maker may not be able to paste and clamp the top of the instrument ribs within a short minute of time. Instead, the builder will put the glue bead along the rib, and let it cool down. The top is then clipped to the ribs. Moving a few inches at a time, the maker inserts a heated palette knife into the joint, heating the glue. When the glue is melted, the palette knife is removed, and the glue cools, creating a bond. A similar process can be used to attach the veneer to the substrate. Veneer and/or substrate coated with hot protective glue. After the glue is cool, the veneer is positioned on the substrate. Hot objects such as clothes iron are applied to the veneer, melting the underlying glue. When the iron is removed, the glue cools, binding the veneer to the substrate.
Hides glue joints do not creep under load. PVA adhesives create plastic joints, which will propagate over time if heavy loads are applied to them.
Hide glue is provided in many different gram strengths, each suitable for a particular application. Instruments and cabinet builders will use a range from 120 to 200 grams of power. Some hide glues are sold without specified gram strength. Experienced users avoid this glue because the glue may be too weak or strong for the expected application.
Nail polish
Nail glue is also used today in woodworking, especially cabinets.
Rabbit-skin glue
Glue Rabbit-the skin is more supple when dry than ordinary leather glue. Used in size or selection of oil paint canvas. It is also used in bookbinding and as an adhesive component of several recipes for gesso and compo.
See also
- Glue
- Dried glue
- Fibrin glue
- Gelatin
- Jell-O
- Isinglass
- Ejiao
- Rendering (animal products)
Note
References
-
Courtnall, Roy; Chris Johnson (1999). Art Making Violin . London: Robert Hale. ISBNÃ, 0-7090-5876-4. - Patrick Spielman. Gluing and Stapling: The Woodworker Handbook. Sterling Publishing, 1986. ISBNÃ, 0-8069-6274-7
- Weisshaar, Hans; Margaret Shipman (1988). Violin Restoration . Los Angeles: Weisshaar ~ Shipman. ISBN: 0-9621861-0-4.
External links
- http://woodtreks.com/animal-protein-hide-glues-how-to-make-select-history/1549/Videos about glam hide, by Keith Cruickshank
- https://web.archive.org/web/20130522233935/http://www.oldbrownglue.com/articles.html Why No Glue Period? - article by W. Patrick Edwards about glue hide
- http://wpatrickedwards.blogspot.com/2012/01/why-use-reversible-glue.html - Why Use a Reversible Glue?
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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