Hermann Karl Hesse ( German: ['h ??? man' h? s?] ; July 2, 1877 - August 9, 1962) was a German-born poet, novelist and painter. His most famous works include Demian , Steppenwolf , Siddhartha , and The Glass Bead Game , which respectively, each exploring the individual quest for authenticity, self-knowledge and spirituality. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Video Hermann Hesse
Live and work
​​â € <â €
Hermann Karl Hesse was born on July 2, 1877 in the town of Black Forest, Calw in WÃÆ'¼rttemberg, the German Empire (Deutsches-Kaiserreich). His grandparents served in India on a mission under the auspices of the Basel Mission, a Protestant Christian missionary community. His grandfather Hermann Gundert composed the current grammar in Malayalam, composed Malayalam-English dictionaries, and also contributed to the work of translating the Bible into Malayalam. Hesse's mother, Marie Gundert, was born on such a mission in India in 1842. In describing her own childhood, she said, "My happy child does not..." As usual among missionaries at the time, she was left in Europe at age four when his parents returned to India.
Hesse's father, Johannes Hesse, son of a doctor, was born in 1847 in the town of Paide in Estonia (Weissenstein). Johannes Hesse belonged to the German minority in the Russian-ruled Baltic region: thus his son Hermann was born both as a citizen of the Kingdom of Germany and of the Russian Empire. Hermann had five siblings, but two of them died in infancy. In 1873, the Hesse family moved to Calw, where Johannes worked for Calwer Verlagsverein, a publisher specializing in theological texts and school books. Marie's father, Hermann Gundert (also his granddaughter's granddaughter), ran the publishing house at the time, and Johannes Hesse succeeded him in 1893.
Hesse grew up in the Pietis Swabian family, with Pietis's tendency to isolate believers into small, very wise groups. Furthermore, Hesse describes the heritage of German descent in Germany as "an important and powerful fact" of his growing identity. His father, Hesse stated, "always looks like a very polite, very strange, lonely, and slightly understood guest." The stories of his father from Estonia instilled a sense of religious contrast in young Hermann. "[It] is very cheerful, and, for all its Christianity, a happy world... We hope there is not so long to be allowed to see this Estonian... where life is so full of paradise, so colorful and happy." Hermann Hesse's isolation from the petty bourgeoisie of Swabia grew further through its relationship with his maternal grandmother Julie Gundert, nÃÆ' Â © e Dubois, whose French-Swiss heritage made it never appropriate among the environment.
Childhood
Since childhood, Hesse seemed stubborn and difficult to handle his family. In a letter to her husband, Hermann's mother Marie writes: "The little boy has life inside him, great strength, strong will, and, for the age of four, a truly astonishing thought, how can he reveal all It's really gnawing at my life, internal battles against his cruel temperament, his passionate upheaval [...] God has to shape this spirit of pride, then it will be something noble and great - but I shudder to think what is young and full This passion may be the person to be educated to be wrong or weak. "
Hesse showed signs of serious depression as early as her first year at school. In the collection of juvenilianya Gerbersau, Hesse accurately describes the experiences and anecdotes of his childhood and youth in Calw: the atmosphere and adventures by the rivers, bridges, chapels, densely populated houses, hidden corners and crannies , as well as the population with their amazing qualities, their peculiarities, and their peculiarities. The fictional city of Gerbersau is a pseudonym for Calw, mimicking the real name of the nearby town of Hirsau. It comes from the German word gerber, meaning "tanner," and aue , which means "pasture." Calw has centuries-old leather workers, and during Hesse's childhood, the influence of the tanners in the city is still very clear. Hesse's favorite place in Calw is St. Nicholas-Bridge ( NikolausbrÃÆ'¼cke ), that's why the Hesse monument was built there in 2002.
Hermann Hesse, Hermann Gundert, a doctor of philosophy and fluent in various languages, encouraged the boy to read widely, giving him access to his library, filled with world literary works. All this instilled a feeling in Hermann Hesse that he was a citizen of the world. His family background became, he notes, "the basis of isolation and opposition to any kind of nationalism that so determines my life."
Young Hesse shared his love of music with his mother. Both music and poetry are important in his family. His mother wrote poetry, and his father was known for his use of the language in his sermons and the writing of religious tracts. His first role model to become an artist was his stepbrother, Theo, who rebelled against the family by entering the music conservatory in 1885. Hesse demonstrated a sudden ability to rhyme, and in 1889-90 had decided that he wanted to be a writer.
Education
In 1881, when Hesse was four years old, his family moved to Basel, Switzerland, stayed for six years and then returned to Calw. After a successful attendance at the Latin School at GÃÆ'¶ppingen, Hesse entered the Evangelical Theology Seminary at the Maulbronn Monastery in 1891. The students lived and studied at the monastery, one of the most beautiful and well-preserved in Germany, attending 41 hours a week class. Although Hesse succeeded during the first months, writing in a letter that he really enjoyed writing essays and translating classical Greek poetry into German, his time at Maulbronn was the beginning of a serious personal crisis. In March 1892 Hesse demonstrated the character of his rebellion, and, in one instance, he escaped from the Seminary and was found in a field a day later. Hesse began his journey through various institutions and schools and experienced a fierce conflict with his parents. In May, after a suicide attempt, he spent time at an institution in Bad Boll under the care of theologian and minister Christoph Friedrich Blumhardt. Later, he was placed in a mental institution at Stetten im Remstal, and then a boy institution in Basel. In late 1892, he attended the Gymnasium at Cannstatt, now part of Stuttgart. In 1893, he passed the One Year Exam, which ended his schooling. That same year, he started spending time with his older friends and started drinking and smoking.
After this, Hesse began an apprenticeship at a bookstore in Esslingen am Neckar, but stopped after three days. Then, early in the summer of 1894, he began a 14-month mechanical apprenticeship at a clock tower factory in Calw. The clutter of soldering work and filing made him turn himself into a more spiritual direction. In October 1895, he was ready to start with a wholehearted apprentice with a bookseller at TÃÆ'¼bingen. This experience from his youth, especially the time spent at the Seminary in Maulbronn, he returns to later in his novel Beneath the Wheel.
Become a writer
On October 17, 1895, Hesse began work at a bookstore in TÃÆ'¼bingen, which had a special collection in theology, philology, and law. Hesse's task consists of organizing, packing, and archiving books. After the end of every twelve hours of work, Hesse pursues her own work, and spends her long, long days with books rather than friends. Hesse studied the theological writings and then Goethe, Lessing, Schiller, and Greek mythology. He also began to read Nietzche in 1895, and that philosophical ideas about the "dual... impulse of lust and order" in humans were a heavy influence on most of his novels.
In 1898, Hesse had an honorable income that enabled the financial independence of his parents. During this time, he concentrated on German Romantic works, including many works from Clemens Brentano, Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, Friedrich HÃÆ'¶lderlin, and Novalis. In a letter to his parents, he expressed the belief that "artist morality is replaced by aesthetics".
During this time, he was introduced to the home of FrÃÆ'¤ulein von Reutern, a friend of his family. There he meets people of his age. His relationship with his contemporaries is "problematic", as most of them are now at university. This usually makes him feel awkward in social situations.
In 1896, his poem "Madonna" appeared in his period in Vienna and Hesse released his first small volume of poetry, Romantic Song. In 1897, a poem published his work, "Grand Valse", drew him a fan letter. It was from Helene Voigt, who next year married Eugen Diederichs, a young publisher. To please his wife, Diederichs agreed to publish the Hesse prose collection entitled One Hour after Midnight in 1898 (though dated 1899). Both work is a business failure. Within two years, only 54 of 600 copies of the Romantic Song sold were, and One Hours After Midnight received only one printing and sold slowly. Furthermore, Hesse "experienced great shock" when her mother did not approve of "Romantic Songs" on the grounds that they were too secular and even "vague sinful."
From late 1899, Hesse worked at the famous antique book shop in Basel. Through family contact, he lives with the intellectual family of Basel. In this neighborhood with a rich stimulus for his pursuit, he is growing more spiritually and artistically. At the same time, Basel offers to the solitary Hesse many opportunities to withdraw into the personal life of self-exploration, travel and artistic odyssey. In 1900, Hesse was released from conscription due to eye conditions. This, along with neurological disorders and persistent headaches, affects his entire life.
In 1901, Hesse attempted to fulfill a long-held dream and traveled for the first time to Italy. That same year, Hesse changed jobs and started working at the Wattenwyl antiquarium in Basel. Hesse has more opportunities to release poetry and small literary texts to journals. This publication now provides honorarium. His new bookstore agreed to publish his next work, Posthumous Writings and Poems from Hermann Lauscher . In 1902, her mother died after a long and painful illness. She could not bring herself to attend her funeral, stated in a letter to her father: "I think it would be better for both of us that I did not come, regardless of my love for my mother."
Due to the good notices Hesse received for Lauscher, publisher Samuel Fischer was interested in Hesse and, with the novel Peter Camenzind, which first appeared as a pre-publication in 1903 and later as a printing press usually by Fischer in 1904, came a breakthrough: from now on, Hesse can earn a living as a writer. This novel became popular throughout Germany. Sigmund Freud "praised Peter Camenzind as one of his favorite readings."
Between Lake Constance and India
After realizing that he could earn a living as a writer, Hesse eventually married Maria Bernoulli (family of famous mathematicians) in 1904, while his father, who disapproved of their relationship, went for the weekend. The couple settled in Gaienhofen on Lake Constance, and started a family, eventually having three sons. In Gaienhofen, he wrote his second novel, Beneath the Wheel, published in 1906. The next time, he wrote mainly short stories and poems. The story "The Wolf," written in 1906-07, "is very likely" is a shadow of Steppenwolf .
The next novel, Gertrude , published in 1910, reveals a production crisis. He had to struggle through writing it, and he would later describe it as a "miscarriage". Gaienhofen is the place where Hesse's interest in Buddhism was again triggered. Following a letter to Kapff in 1895 titled Nirvana , Hesse has stopped referring to the Buddhist references in his work. In 1904, however, Arthur Schopenhauer and his philosophical ideas began receiving more attention, and Hesse discovered theosophy. Schopenhauer and theosophy renewed Hesse's interest in India. Although it had been years before the publication of Hesse Siddhartha (1922), this masterpiece had to come from this new influence.
During this time, there was also an increase in dissonance between him and Mary, and in 1911 Hesse went for a long trip to Sri Lanka and Indonesia. He also visited Sumatra, Borneo, and Burma, but his "physical experience... was to suppress him." Whatever spiritual or religious inspiration he sought avoided him, but the journey made a strong impression on his literary work. After Hesse returned, the family moved to Bern (1912), but environmental changes could not solve the problem of marriage, as he himself claimed in his novel Rosshalde from 1914.
During the First World War
At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Hesse enlisted herself as a volunteer with the Imperial army, saying that she could not sit inactive with the warm fireplace while other young writers were dying on the front. He was found unfit for combat duty, but was assigned to a service involving the care of prisoners of war. While most poets and writers from countries involved in the war quickly became embroiled in mutual resentment, Hesse, apparently immune to the enthusiasm of war at the time, wrote an essay entitled "Friends, Not This Tone" ("O Freunde , nicht diese TÃÆ'¶ne "), published at Neue ZÃÆ'¼rcher Zeitung , on November 3rd. In this essay he appealed to his fellow intellectuals in order not to fall into the nationalist madness and hatred. Calling for a calm voice and recognition of Europe's common heritage, Hesse wrote: [...] Love is greater than hate, comprehends greater than anger, peace is more noble than war, this is exactly what the World War is not holy must be burned. into our memories, more than ever before. What followed from this, then shown by Hesse, was a major turning point in her life: For the first time, she found herself in the midst of serious political conflict, assaulted by the German press, recipient of hate mail, and distanced from old friends. He received continued support from his friend, Theodor Heuss, and French writer Romain Rolland, who visited Hesse in August 1915. In 1917, Hesse wrote to Rolland, "The attempt... to apply love to political problems has failed."
This public controversy has not been resolved when a deeper life crisis hit Hesse with the death of his father on March 8, 1916, the serious illness of his son Martin, and his wife's schizophrenia. He was forced to leave the military service and start receiving psychotherapy. It started because Hesse had a lot of fun with psychoanalysis, where she finally got to know Carl Jung personally, and was challenged to a new creative level. During the three-week period in September and October 1917, Hesse wrote his novel Demian , which will be published following a ceasefire in 1919 under the pseudonym Emil Sinclair.
Casa Camuzzi
By the time Hesse returned to civilian life in 1919, his marriage had been destroyed. His wife suffered a severe episode of psychosis, but, even after his recovery, Hesse did not see a possible future with him. Their house in Bern is divided, their children are housed in retirement and by relatives, and Hesse settled alone in mid-April in Ticino. He occupies a small farmhouse near Minusio (near Locarno), living from 25 April to 11 May in Sorengo. On May 11th, he moved to the town of Montagnola and rented four small rooms in a building like the castle, Casa Camuzzi. Here, he explores his writing projects further; he began painting, an activity that was reflected in the next big story, "The Last Summer of Klingsor", was published in 1920. This new beginning in this different environment brought him happiness, and Hesse later called his first full year at Ticino most productive, most diligent and passionate in my life. In 1922, the novel Hesse Siddhartha emerged, showing the love of Indian culture and Buddhist philosophy that had developed before in his life. In 1924, Hesse married singer Ruth Wenger, daughter of Swiss writer Lisa Wenger and auntie MÃÆ' Â © ret Oppenheim. But this marriage never achieves any stability.
In 1923, Hesse received Swiss citizenship. The next major work, Kurgast (1925) and The Nuremberg Trip (1927), is an autobiographical narrative with an ironic and shadowy tone from the following Hesse novel, Steppenwolf >, published in 1927. In the year of his 50th birthday, Hesse's first biography appeared, written by his friend, Hugo Ball. Shortly after his successful new novel, he turned away from Steppenwolf's loneliness and married the art historian Ninon Dolbin, nÃÆ' Â © e AuslÃÆ'¤nder. The change to this friendship is reflected in Narcissus and Goldmund's novels, appearing in 1930. In 1931, Hesse left Casa Camuzzi and moved with Ninon to a large house (Casa Hesse) near Montagnola, built in accordance with his wishes.
In 1931, Hesse began planning what would be his last major work, The Glass Bead Game (a.k.a. Master Ludi ). In 1932, as a preliminary study, he released the novel Journey to the East . The Glass Bead Game was printed in 1943 in Switzerland. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1946.
Religious view
As reflected in Demian , and other works, he believes that "for different people, there are different ways for God"; but regardless of the influence he draws from Indian and Buddhist philosophy, he states about his parents: "Their Christianity, which is not preached but lived, is the most powerful force that shapes and molds me."
Next life and death
Hesse observed the emergence of the power of Nazism in Germany with concern. In 1933, Bertolt Brecht and Thomas Mann traveled to exile, each aided by Hesse. In this way, Hesse attempted to work against Hitler's oppression of art and literature protesting against Nazi ideology. Hesse's third wife was a Jew, and she had openly declared her opposition to anti-Semitism long before that. Hesse was criticized for not condemning the Nazi party, but his failure to criticize or support any political idea stemmed from his "detachment politics [...] He never publicly condemned (Nazi), despite his hatred of their politics no doubt." From late 1930 -an, the German journal stopped publishing Hesse's work, and the Nazis finally banned it.
The Glass Bead Game is Hesse's last novel. During the last twenty years of his life, Hesse wrote many short stories (especially memories of his childhood) and poetry (often with nature as their theme). Hesse also wrote ironic essays about his alienation from writing (eg, artificial autobiography: Brief Life Story Is Notified and Aus den Briefwechseln eines Dichters ) and spends much of his time pursuing his interest in paint water. Hesse is also busy with the flow of letters he received as a result of the Nobel Prize and as a new generation of German readers exploring his work. In one essay, Hesse muses anxiously about her lifelong failures to gain the makings of laziness and speculates that her daily correspondence exceeds 150 pages. He died on August 9, 1962, 85 years old, and was buried at a funeral in San Abbondio in Montagnola, where Hugo Ball and large conductor Bruno Walter were also buried.
Maps Hermann Hesse
Influence
In his time, Hesse was a popular and influential author in the German-speaking world; new worldwide fame comes later. Hesse's first major novel, Peter Camenzind, was enthusiastically received by young Germans who wanted a different and more "natural" way of life at a time of great economic and technological advancement in the country (see also Wandervogel movement). Demian had a strong and lasting influence on the returning generation of the First World War; The Glass Bead Game, with the disciplined intellectual world of Castalia and the power of mediation and humanity, captivated the Germans' desire for a new order amid the chaos of the broken nation following loss in both World Wars.
In the 1950s, Hesse's popularity began to diminish, while literary and intellectual critics turned their attention to other subjects. In 1955, the sale of Hesse books by its publisher Suhrkamp reached its lowest point all the time. However, after Hesse's death in 1962, posthumous writings, including previously unknown letters and prose, contributed to a new level of understanding and appreciation of his works.
At the time of Hesse's death in 1962, his works are still relatively little read in the United States, despite his status as a Nobel laureate. A memorial published in the New York Times goes so far as to claim that Hesse's works are largely "inaccessible" to American readers. The situation changed in the mid-1960s, when Hesse's works suddenly became the bestseller in the United States. The rise in popularity of Hesse's work has been credited to their association with some popular themes of the 1960s counterculture (or hippie) movement. In particular, the search-for-enlightenment theme of Siddhartha, Eastern Travel and Narcissus and Goldmund resonates with those who support counter-cultural ideals, ideals. The "magic theater" sequence in Steppenwolf is interpreted by some as drug-induced psychedelia, although there is no evidence that Hesse ever took a psychedelic drug or recommended its use. For the most part, the Hesse boom in the United States can be traced back to enthusiastic writings by two influential counter-cultural figures: Colin Wilson and Timothy Leary. From the United States, Hesse renaissance spread to other parts of the world, and even back to Germany: more than 800,000 copies were sold in the German-speaking world in 1972-1973. Within just a few years, Hesse became Europe's most widely read and translated writer in the 20th century. Hesse is very popular among young readers, a trend that continues today.
There is a quote from Demian on the cover of Santana Abraxas album, revealing the source of the album title.
Hesse's Siddhartha is one of the most popular Western novels in India. The official translation of Siddhartha was published in Malayalam in 1990, the language surrounding Hesse's grandfather Hermann Gundert for much of his life. A Hermann Hesse Society of India has also been established. It aims to bring authentic translation of Siddhartha in all Indian languages ​​and has prepared Sanskrit, Malaylam and Hindi translations of Siddhartha. One immutable monument to Hesse's eternal popularity in the United States is the Magic Theater in San Francisco. Referring to "The Magic Theater for Madmen Only" at Steppenwolf (a kind of spiritual and rather gruesome cabaret attended by several characters, including Harry Haller), the Magic Theater was founded in 1967 to perform his works. by a new playwright. Founded by John Lion, Magic Theater has fulfilled the mission for many years, including the world premiere of many dramas by Sam Shepard.
There is also a theater in Chicago named after the novel, Steppenwolf Theater.
Throughout Germany, many schools are named after him. In 1964, Calwer Hermann-Hesse-Preis was founded, given every two years, alternately into German-language literary journals or translators of Hesse's works into foreign languages. There is also a gift of Hermann Hesse associated with the city of Karlsruhe
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments