Sungir (sometimes spelled Sunghir) is an archaeological site of Upper Paleolithic in Russia and one of the earliest records of modern Homo sapiens in Eurasia. The city is located about two hundred kilometers east of Moscow, on the outskirts of Vladimir, near the Klyazma River. This is dated by a calibrated carbon analysis between 32,050 and 28,550 BC and by 2017 DNA analysis at ~ 34,000. Additional pollen findings show a relative warm spell of "Greenland interstadial (GI) 5" between the 305th century and 301bc as the most likely date.
The settlement area is found to have four burials: the remains of older men and two teenagers are very well preserved, and the nature of rich and extensive burial items shows that they belong to the same class. In addition, the skull and two pieces of human femur are also found in residential areas, and two human skeletons outside residential areas without cultural remains.
Video Sungir
Histori
The site was discovered in 1955, in the course of local excavations from clay holes. Approximately 4500 square miles were excavated in sixteen field seasons between 1957 and 1977 (Bader 1965; 1967; 1978; 1998). Archaeological teams from the Institute of Geology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (R.A.S.), Groningen University, Oxford University, and the University of Arizona in the United States have all worked on excavations and related studies to review the findings of the site.
They determined that the cultural layer lies in the so-called Bryansk land, related to the period (thirty two to twenty-four millennia ago) of the corresponding interstadial from the Valdai Ice Age of the Late Pleistocene. Evidence of just surface residence on the site led the team to conclude it may be used on a seasonal basis.
Maps Sungir
Burial
Tombs 1 and 2 in Sungir are described as "the most spectacular" among the graves of European gravity. The adult male is buried in a place called Grave 1 and two teenagers in Grave 2, placed face to face, along with an adult femur filled with red ocher. The three people buried in Sungir are all adorned with intricate grave items that include jewelry, clothing, and ivory-necked spears. More than 13,000 beads are found (which will take 10,000 hours to produce). Red ocher, an important ritual material associated with the burial today, covers the cemetery.
Children are considered as twin cemeteries, allegedly having ritual purpose, possibly sacrifice. Such complete skeletal findings are rare in the late Stone Age, and indicate the high status of adult men and children. Children have the same mtDNA, which may show the same maternal lineage, but more need to know about others in the settlement.
This site is one of the earliest examples of ritual burial and is an important proof of the antiquity of human religious practice. The incredible collection of grave items, body position, and other factors all show it is a very important burial. The remaining two on this site are partial skeletons.
Remnants are held by the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology R.A.S., Moscow. In 2004, the International Seminar, "Top Paleolithic People from Sunghir, Russia," was guided by the Department of Archeology, Durham University, UK. This is the second conference about two major conferences on this site.
Two books have been published in Moscow about the findings. Paleolithic Top Sites Sungir (cemetery and environment) (1998) is the first complete publication of this site, including inventory of artifacts, reconstruction of Paleolithic men's clothing, ancient calculations and calendars. The second part of this book features an environmental reconstruction with geological, palinological, zoological data.
The second book, Homo Sungirensis (2000) edited by T.I. Alexeeva et al., Including articles published since the first book, and new anthropological data derived from morphology, palaeopathology, X-ray studies, histology, trace elements and molecular genetic analysis. It has a pictorial catalog of all skeletal materials.
Archaeogenetics
By 2017, the researchers managed to sequence some individual DNA from Sungir, including one from Burial 1 ( Sunghir I ) and three from Burial 2: two juvenile funerals ( Sunghir II and < i> Sunghir III ) and an adult femur accompanying the burial ( Sunghir IV ). The younger teens from Burial 2, Sunghir III , produced a high coverage genome. Sungir III was previously considered female; However, genetic analysis shows that all four individuals tested in Sungir were male. Contrary to previous interpretations of burials, genetic analysis suggests that no closely related individuals (no individuals with third or closer relatives).
However, when compared with other populations, individuals in Sungir are genetically closest to each other. The people in Sungir show the nearest genetic affinity to the individual from Kostenki, while showing a closer affinity to the individual of Kostenki 12 than the individual of Kostenki 14. The Sungirs belong to the lineage associated with the individual from Kostenki 14, but not related directly. Individuals from Kostenki 12 are also found closer to Sungir people than individuals of Kostenki 14. Sungirs also point to a close genetic close to the various individuals belonging to the Vestonice Cluster buried in the Gravettian context, as excavated from DolnÃÆ' V? Stonice.
The mtDNA analysis showed that four individuals were tested from the Haplogroup U mtDNA Sungir Individuals from Burial 1 belonging to mtDNA Haplogroup U8c, while three individuals from Burial 2 belonged to mtDNA Haplogroup U2. Y-DNA analysis showed that the four individuals tested from Sungir were from Y-DNA Haplogroup C1a2.
DNA analysis showed that the medieval individual Sungir 6 (730-850 BP) belonged to the Haplogroup W3a1 mtDNA and Y-DNA Haplogroup I2a1b2.
References
Further reading
- Paleolithic Site of Sungir (grave and neighborhood) ( Posdnepaleolitischeskoje posselenije Sungir ), ed. by N.O. Bader, Y.A. Lavrushin. Moscow: The Scientific World. 1998.
- Homo Sungirensis. Top Palaeolithic Men: ecological and evolutionary aspects of investigation , ed. by T.I. Alexeeva, N.O. Bader, A.P. Buzhilova, M.V. Kozlovskaya, M.B. Mednikova. Moscow: The World of Scientific, 2000.
- People of Sunghir. Funeral, Body, and Behavior in Early Paleolithics Previously. , Erik Trinkaus, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Maria B. Mednikova, Maria V. Dobrovolskaya. Oxford University Press, New York 2014
External links
- Von Schulz, Matthias. "Todeskampf der FlachkÃÆ'¶pfe" (Germany), Der Spiegel online, March 20, 2000
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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