Magatama ( ?? , less ?? ) curved, coma-shaped beads that appeared in prehistoric Japan from the last JJ period through the period of Kofun, approximately ca. 1000 BC to the sixth century AD. The beads, also described as "gems", were made of primitive stone and soil material in the early period, but at the end of the period Kofun was made almost exclusively of jade. Magatama originally served as decorative jewelry, but at the end of the period Kofun serves as a ceremonial and religious object. Archaeological evidence suggests that magatama is produced in certain areas of Japan and is widespread throughout the Japanese archipelago through trade routes.
Video Magatama
J? periode sen
Magatama first appeared in Japan in the last J J period, c. 1000 to 300 BC, and in this period magatama is made from relatively simple and natural materials, including clay, talc, slate, quartz, gneiss, jadeite, nephrite, and serpentinite. They do not have the design uniformity found in magatama produced in the next period. Magatama of the J 'mon period is irregularly shaped, has no continuity in form from region to region, and has been called the "Stone Age of magatama" for this reason. Magatama is considered an imitation of a large animal's tooth, punctured by a hole, found in a fixed J 'mon earlier. This is similar to magatama, but more recent scholarship suggests that this early J mungkin may have only a decorative function, and has no connection with magatama. Magatama in the J appearn period seems to have moved from being purely decorative to having the status and function of the ceremony at the end of the period. A "medium currency exchange network" may already exist, where magatama is produced in areas where ingredients for their manufacture are available in abundance. Examples of Jade and Talc produced in beads-making villages located in Itoigawa now, Niigata has been found in a large number of sites along the north coast, the central mountains, and Kant? region.
Archaeological Sites (J? mon)
- Example magatama from period J? mon has been found in large quantities on the Kamegaoka site in Tsugaru, Aomori Prefecture. Kamegaoka remains one of the largest settlements in Japan, and magatama, among other decorative objects found, can be an indicator of the high social status of the settlement.
- Other sites related to the Kamegaoka settlement have produced magatama, including boriya combat mounds, in the northwest corner of? funato Bay, which produces a large number of beads, as well as the Karekawa site, near Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture. The remains of the Karekawa site can be seen at the Karekawa Achaeogical Museum in Hachinohe.
- The rock and magatama clay and magatama beads have also been found on the Amataki, Ninohe, Iwate Prefecture, Osagata sites, Ibaraki Prefecture, and Kou sites, Fujiidera, Osaka Prefecture.
- Many magatama on ishi site, Bungo-? no,? ita Prefecture, Kyushu shows signs used for ceremonial purposes, not decorative.
- The Sannai-Maruyama site, unearthed 1992 in Aomori, Aomori Prefecture, produces 3 large jade beads, 5.5 cm - 6.5 cm.
Maps Magatama
Yayoi Period
Magatama in the Yayoi period, c. 300 BC to 300 AD, especially different from the J-period magatama. The gems move from primitive, non-standard forms to a more subtle and uniform form in this period. The technology for cutting large gems and polishing gems is especially advanced in the Yayoi period. Purified materials such as jadeite, serpentinite, and glass replaced less sophisticated materials from the J-n period. Yayoi magatama period is recorded for their C-shaped inverted form, which at the end of the period becomes almost squared form. From the Yayoi period on magatama the uniform features a bored hole that allows the jewelry to be held on the string.
The Yayoi period is characterized by specialized centers specializing in magatama and widespread magatama trade. The period is characterized by the formation of power centers that come into individual countries. The development of weapons increased during this period to protect rice fields and the growing fishing rights. Trade was greatly increased during this period, as did specialties in the production of certain goods, including magatama. Magatama producing regions exchange their products with other products, especially rice, leading to widespread magatama spread throughout Japan. Magatama is usually used to make necklaces and bracelets worn on the wrist or ankle. The necklace is usually made of jadeite magatama separated by jasper pieces lined with bricks. Small beads of dark blue glass are also unusual on the necklace. The bracelet usually also uses shells from the coastal areas of Shikoku and the Inland Sea, wood, and bronze. In this period the use of mirrors, swords, and gems as a status symbol for the village, and then regional leaders of all kinds, appeared in the Yayoi period, and pointed to the origin of mirrors, swords, and magatama as Imperial Regalia of Japan.
The Three Kingdoms , the earliest historical document with references to Japan, describes the people of Wa, an ancient country of Yamatai, and queen, Himiko. The Record shows that when Himiko died his relative Iyo, a thirteen girl, was made queen and sent a delegation of twenty officials under Yazuku, an imperial general, to offer tribute to the North Wei court. "The delegation visited the capital and offered to the palace of five thousand white gems and two carved jade pieces, and twenty brocades of various designs." The jade engraved on the Record may reflect the respect of the two jade magatama.
Archaeological Sites (Yayoi)
- The large-scale Yayoi period remains on the Yoshinogari, Yoshinogari and Kanzaki sites in Saga Prefecture revealing a typical magatama tin sample from the Yayoi period.
- In 2003, the excavation of the large settlement period of Yayoi in Tawaramoto, Nara, revealed two large jade magatama, one 4.64 centimeters (1.83 inches) long, 3.63 cm (1.43 inches) long. The larger Magatama Tawaramoto is the 10th largest discovered to date in Japan. The second jade magatama of this site is a superb high quality brilliant jade.
- One of Yayoi's famous magatama production centers is in the Tamatsukuri Inari Shrine area of ​​Osaka. Tamatsukuri literally means "making gem" and a guild, Tamatsukuri-be, active from the Yayoi period. The gems in the temple are said to have great spiritual power. Magatama appears in all types of equipment from today's temples, including amulets, tiles, and lanterns. The female fox inari at the subshrine gate of the Tamatsukuri Inari Shrine uses a magatama necklace. The temple has an exhibition on the history and production of magatama.
Kofun Period
Magatama became very common in the Kofun period, c. CE 250 to CE 538, and at the end of the period almost all kofun tumuli contain magatama. At the beginning of the period Kofun magatama was made from jade as in the earlier period, but in the mid-period was made of jasper, and at the end of the period, almost exclusively agate and jade. Magatama bounded by silver or gold also appears towards the end of the period. The great magatama is made of talc, a smaller imitation made of a more valuable material, used as a grave item. Magatama was found in kofun tumuli in Japan from that period. Their use goes from decorative only to sacred and ceremonial grave goods. Ch? Jigashira magatama is a magatama with an inscription that looks like a flower from a clove tree and has a hole fit to attach a thread. It first appeared in the Kofun period. In the period of magatama Kofun appears in a necklace, with some magatama mounted between the saturated cylinders. Archaeological remains show similar bracelet evidence, but they are less common. Clay haniwa's burial object from the Kofun period usually depicts people wearing necklaces and anklets.
The origins of magatama
Archaeologists and historians have not been able to explain what the origins of magatama form, or whether these forms can be traced back to a convergent source. However, this alternative explanation has been provided:
- Magatama may be formed after animal/dental canines
- Magatama can be modeled after the fetus
- Magatama can symbolize the form of soul
- Magatama can be modeled after the month form
- That there is a meaning and connotation attached to the form of magatama itself (ie it comes from the form itself, and not the magatama that has been patterned after the other)
In Japanese mythology
The Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, completed in the 8th century, have many references to magatama. They appear in the first chapter of Nihon Shoki, which largely portrays Japanese mythology. Susanoo, the god of the sea and the storm, received five hundred magatama from Tamanoya no mikoto, or Ame-no-Futodama-no-mikoto, the god of the gemmaker. Susanoo goes to heaven and presents it to his sister, the goddess of the sun of Amaterasu, who bites the parts of successive magatama, and catapultes it to create other gods. Tamanoya no mikoto remains our magatama god, glasses, and cameras. In the legend Amaterasu then shut himself in a cave. Ama-no-Koyane-no-mikoto hung magatama, among other things, on a five hundred-sakaki sakaki tree, to succeed in luring Amaterasu from the cave. In the year 58, during the reign of Emperor Suinin, Nihon Shoki noted that a dog killed and took out the contents of the stomach mujina , a kind of weasel, and magatama found in his stomach. This magatama is presented to Suinin, who is enshrined in the Isonokami Shrine, where it is said to be present. A similar practice is described again in Shoki Nihon during the reign of Emperor Chiai. Ch? Ai travels inspection to Tsukushi, or Ky? Sh ?, And served with a large sakaki tree hung with magatama as well as other sacred objects.
Yasakani no Magatama
The recorded magatama is Yasakani no Magatama ( ????? , also ????? and ????? ) , one of the three Imperial Regalia of Japan. Swords, mirrors, and gems are the common object of status for regional rulers in Japan as early as the Yayoi period, and increasingly widespread in the period of Kofun, as indicated by their presence everywhere in the tumor of the tumuli. Yasakani no Magatama is stored in Kashiko-dokoro ( ?? ) , the main temple of the Three Palace Sanctuaries at the Imperial Palace of Tokyo, and used in the coronation ceremony of the Emperor of Japan.
Daniel Clarence Holtom declared in 1928 in the Japanese coronation ceremony; with the account of the imperial regalia that Yasakani no Magatama is the only one of the three existing regalia in its original form; the post World War II scholarship supports the claim. The replica of swords and mirrors was made as early as the 9th century, and the original ones were entrusted to other temples.
Usage on Ry? ky? a religion
D. C. Holtom states that the priest noro of the Ryukyu Kingdom wore a magatama necklace in the early twentieth century for the purpose of the ceremony, but gave no other details.
See also
- Crash: a similarly shaped gem found on the Korean Peninsula
- Dragon dragon or zh? lÃÆ'³ng : zoomorphic stone artifacts produced in neolithic China with a c-or coma-like shape.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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