Lothal

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Lothal ( IPA: Ã, [lo? t ??? l] ) is one of the southernmost cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization, located in the modern Bharabah region of Gujar? t and first inhabited c. 3700 BC. Discovered in 1954, Lothal was dug from 13 February 1955 to 19 May 1960 by the Indian Archaeological Survey (ASI), the official Indian government agency for the preservation of ancient monuments. According to ASI, Lothal has the world's earliest dock, which connects the city with the ancient route of the Sabarmati river on the trade route between Harappan townships in Sindh and Saurashtra peninsula when the Kutch desert around it today is part of the Arabian Sea. However, this interpretation has been opposed by other archaeologists, who argue that Lothal is a relatively small city, and that the "dock" is actually an irrigation tank.

Lothal is an important and evolving trading center in ancient times, with precious pearls, jewels, and ornaments trailing to the ends of West Asia and Africa. The techniques and tools they are pioneering for the manufacture of beads and in metallurgy have survived the test of time for more than 4000 years.

Lothal is located near the village of Saragwala in the Dikhka Taluka district of Ahmedabad. It is six kilometers south-east from the Lothal-Bhurkhi train station on the Ahmedabad-Bhavnagar railway line. It is also connected by all-weather roads to the cities of Ahmedabad (85 km/53 mi), Bhavnagar, Rajkot and Dholka. Nearby cities are Dholka and Bagodara. Continuing excavations in 1961, archaeologists discovered ditches drowned on the north, east and west side of the mound, bringing light to the inlet channel and the nullah ("gap", or "gutter") connecting the dock with the river. These findings consist of mounds of land, small towns, markets, and piers. Adjacent to the excavated areas stands the Archaeological Museum, where some of the most prominent collections of the Indus era relics in India are shown.

The Lothal site has been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and its application is pending on UNESCO's provisional list.

Video Lothal

Archeology

When British India was partitioned in 1947, most of the Indus sites, including Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, became part of Pakistan. The Indian Archaeological Survey undertakes a new exploration program, and excavations. Many sites are found in northwest India. Between 1954 and 1958, more than 50 sites were excavated in Kutch (especially Dholavira), and the Saurashtra peninsula, extending the boundaries of Harappan civilization up to 500 kilometers (310 miles) to the Kim River, where the Bhagatrav sites access the Narmada and Tapti river valleys. Lothal stood 670 kilometers (420 miles) from Mohenjo-daro, which is in Sindh.

The meaning of Lothal (a combination of Loth and (s) thal ) in Gujarati becomes unusual "the mound of the dead", as the name Mohenjo-daro in Sindhi means the same. The people in the villages adjacent to Lothal had known of the existence of an ancient city and human remains. Recently in 1850, ships could sail to the mound. In 1942, wood was shipped from Broach to Saragwala through a mound of earth. A mud river connecting modern Bholad with Lothal and Saragwala is an ancient river channel or stream.

Speculation shows that because of the relatively small dimensions of the main city, Lothal is not a large settlement at all, and its "dock" is probably an irrigation tank. However, ASI and other contemporary archeologists claim that the city is part of a major river system in the ancient people's trade route from Sindh to Saurashtra in Gujarat. Lothal provides the largest collection of antiques in modern Indian archeology. This is essentially a single cultural site - the Harappan culture in all its variations is proved. A local Red Ware culture containing sweets is also there, which is believed to be original and pre-Harappan. Two sub-periods of Harappan culture are distinguished: the same period (between 2400 and 1900 BC) is identical with the vibrant Harappa and Mohenjo-daro cultures.

After the core of the Indus civilization had decayed in Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, Lothal apparently not only survived but has grown over the years. His constant threat - tropical storms and floods - caused massive destruction, which destabilized culture and ultimately led to the end. Topographic analysis also shows signs that at the time of his death, the region suffered from a drought or a weakening monsoon rains. Thus the cause of the abandonment of the city may have changed in climatic as well as natural disasters, as suggested by environmental magnetic records. Lothal is based on a mound of salt marshes that are flooded with tides. Remote sensing studies and topographical studies published by Indian scientists at the Journal of the Indian Geophysicists Union in 2004 reveal an ancient river winding adjacent to Lothal, 30 kilometers (19 miles) long by length satellite imagery - an ancient extension of the northern river channel of a tributary bed of the Bhogavo river. The small channel width (10-300 m or 33-984 ft) when compared with the lower (1.2-1.6 km or 0.75-0.99 mi) indicates strong tidal effect on the city - water the tides are asleep to and outside the city. This upstream element provides a source of fresh water suitable for the population.

Maps Lothal

History

Before the arrival of the Harappan people (about 3000 BC), Lothal is a small village next to a river that provides access to the mainland from the Gulf of Khambhat. Indigenous communities maintain a prosperous economy, evidenced by the discovery of copper objects, beads and semi-precious stones. Ceramic goods are made of fine clay and red red surface. A new technique of shooting pottery under partial oxidation and reducing the conditions repaired by them - red and black designated warehouse, to red red Ware. Harappan was attracted to Lothal because of its sheltered harbor, rich in cotton and the growing environment of rice and beads manufacturing. Lothal beads and gems are in great demand in the west. The settlers live in peace with the Red Ware people, who adopt their lifestyles, evidenced by growing trade and changing work techniques. Harappans began producing indigenous ceramic goods, adopting a way from the natives.

City planning

Flood destroyed the foundations and village settlements (around 2350 BC). Harappan based around Lothal and from Sindh took this opportunity to expand their settlement and create a planned township on the outskirts of major cities in the Indus valley. Lothal planners involve themselves to protect the area from consistent floods. The city is divided into blocks as high as 1-2 meters (3-6Ã, ft) of sun-dried bricks, each serving 20-30 houses of mud walls and thick bricks. The city is divided into fortress, or acropolis and lower city. City rulers live on the acropolis, featuring paved surfaces, underground channels and surfaces (built of kiln-fired bricks) and drinkable wells. The lower city is divided into two sectors. The north-south artery road is the main commercial area. It is flanked by rich and ordinary merchant shops and craftsmen. Residential areas are located on both sides of the market. The lower cities were also periodically enlarged during Lothal's years of prosperity.

The lothal engineers give high priority to the manufacture of shipyards and warehouses to serve the purpose of naval trade. While the consensus view among archaeologists identifying this structure as a "shipyard," it has also been suggested that because of its small dimensions, these basins may be irrigation and canal tanks. The dock is built on the east side of the city, and is considered by archaeologists as the engineering achievements of the highest order. It is located away from the river main stream to avoid siltation, but gives access to the ship at high tide as well. The warehouse is built close to the acropolis on a 3.5 meter (10.5 feet) mud-brick podium. Rulers can monitor activity on the dock and warehouse simultaneously. Facilitating the movement of the cargo is a mudbrick jetty, 220 meters (720 feet) long, built on the western arm of the pier, by the road to the warehouse. There is an important public building opposite the warehouse whose building is completely gone. Throughout their time, the city must refrain through many floods and storms. The dock and city peripheral walls are maintained efficiently. The vibrant urban redevelopment ensures the growth and prosperity of trade. However, with increasing prosperity, the Lothal people failed to guard their walls and dock facilities, possibly as a result of excessive confidence in their systems. Medium intensity floods in 2050 BC show serious weakness in the structure, but the problem is not handled properly. All constructions are made of dry fire bricks, lime and sand, and not with bricks that are dried by the sun because the bricks are still intact after 4000 years and still tied to each other with mortar bonds.

Urban economy and culture

The city uniform organization and its institutions provide evidence that Harappan is a very disciplined person. Trade and administrative duties are carried out in accordance with established standards. The municipal administration is very strict - the width of most roads remains the same for a long time, and no encroachment structures are built. Homeowners have a shelter, or collection room for storing solid waste to prevent blocking of city ducts. The sewers, manholes and septic tanks keep the city clean and store waste in the river, which drifts during the tide. Harappan's new arts and painting styles at the provincial level are pioneered. New approaches include realistic animal depictions in their natural environment. Metalware, gold and ornaments and ornaments adorned attentively proving the culture and prosperity of the Lothal community.

Most of their equipment: metal tools, weight, size, seals, pottery and ornaments are the uniform standards and qualities found throughout the Indus civilization. Lothal is a major trading hub, mass importing raw materials such as copper, chert and semi-precious stones from Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, and mass distribution to the inner villages and towns. It also produces large quantities of bronze celts, fish hooks, chisels, spears and ornaments. Lothal exports beads, gemstones, ivory and shells. Stone knife industry serves domestic needs - fine chert imported from Larkana valley or from Bijapur in modern Karnataka. Bhagatrav supplies semi-precious stones while shell chips come from Dholavira and Bet Dwarka. An intensive trading network gives residents large prosperity. The network stretches across the border into Egypt, Bahrain, and Sumeria. One of the trade proofs in Lothal is the discovery of a typical Persian Gulf seal, a circular button seal

Architectural development

While the wider debate over the end of Indus civilization continues, archaeological evidence gathered by ASI seems to indicate natural disasters, especially floods and storms as the source of Lothal's destruction. The devastating floods drowned the city and destroyed most of the houses, with walls and grounds badly damaged. Acropolis leveled (2000-1900 BC), and inhabited by public traders and newly built emergency houses. The worst consequence is the shifting river flow, cutting off access to ships and docks. People build new but shallow channels to connect the stream channel to the dock to drag the small boats into the basin. Large ships moored. The houses are rebuilt, but without removing the flood debris, which makes them poor quality and prone to further damage. The public sewer was replaced with a jar of soakage basin. Residents did not make encroachments, and rebuild public baths. However, with a government that is not well-organized, and no outside agency or central government, public works can not be repaired or maintained properly. Heavily damaged warehouses are never fixed properly, and stocks are stored in wooden canopies, exposed to floods and fires. The city economy is changing. Trading volume is greatly reduced, though not simultaneously, and resources are available in smaller quantities. Independent businesses give up, allowing a merchant-centric manufacturing system to flourish where hundreds of craftsmen work for the same suppliers and investors. The manic factory has ten living rooms and a large workspace. The joinery has five fireplaces and a paved sink that allows some craftsmen to work.

Decreased urban prosperity, lack of resources and poor administration increase the misery of people pressed by floods and consistent storms. Increased soil salinity makes the soil unfriendly to life, including crops. This is evidenced in the nearby towns of Rangpur, Rojdi, Rupar and Harappa in Punjab, Mohenjo-daro and Chanhudaro in Sindh. Massive floods (around 1900 BC) completely destroyed the flagging city in one attack. Archaeological analysis shows that hollows and docks are sealed with mud and debris, and buildings are flattened with soil. The flood affected all of Saurashtra, Sindh and southern Gujarat, and affected the upper parts of the Indus and Sutlej, where a number of villages and towns were swept away. The population fled to the inner regions.

Later Harappan culture

Archaeological evidence suggests that the site continues to be inhabited, albeit by a much smaller population with no urban influences. Some people who returned to Lothal could not reconstruct and repair their city, but surprisingly continued to live and preserve religious traditions, living in poorly constructed houses and booths. That they are the Harappan people is evidenced by their remaining analysis in the cemetery. While municipal commerce and resources are almost entirely lost, people retain some Harappan way in writing, pottery and equipment. Around this time ASI archaeologists recorded the mass movement of refugees from Punjab and Sindh to Saurashtra and to the Sarasvati valley (1900-1700 BC). Hundreds of poorly-equipped settlements have been associated with these people as a completely non-urban culture of Late Harappans characterized by increasing illiteracy, a less complex economy, unsophisticated administration and poverty. Although the Indus seal is not used anymore, the weighting system with 8,573 gram units (0.3024 oz avoirdupois) is maintained. Between 1700 and 1600 BC, the trade will rise again. In Lothal, Harappan's ceramic works from bowls, plates and urns are mass-produced. Merchants use local ingredients such as kalsedon instead of the stones for stone knives. The weight of the cut sandstone replaces the weight of the hexahedron ching. The sophisticated painting style reduces itself to wavy lines, loops and leaves. Lothal is very famous for his micron beads. This is made by grinding the material, rolling it into a rope, making it ripe. Eventually the bread rolls were sawed into the required shape and size.

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Civilization

The Lothalites made a significant and often unique contribution to human civilization in the Indus era, in the areas of urban planning, art, architecture, science, engineering, pottery and religion. Their work in metallurgy, seals, beads and jewelry is the basis of their prosperity.

Science & amp; engineering

A clam object such as a thick ring is found with four slits each in two margins serving as a compass to measure angles on the plane's surface or on the horizon in a multiple of 40 degrees, up to 360 degrees. Such shell instruments may have been created to measure 8-12 parts of the entire horizon and sky, explaining the gap in the lower and upper margins. Archaeologists regard this as evidence that the Lothal scholars had reached something 2,000 years before the Greeks: a division of the horizon and the heavens 8-12 times, as well as instruments for measuring angles and possibly star positions, and for navigation. Lothal donated one of three integrated and linear measurement scales (the other found in Harappa and Mohenjodaro). The ivory scale of Lothal has the smallest decimal division known in the Indus civilization. This scale has a thickness of 6 mm (0.2 inches), width of 15 mm (0.59 inches) and the available length is 128 mm (5.0 inches), but only 27 graduations are seen over 46 mm (1.8 inches), the distance between the graduation lines to 1.70 mm (0.067 inch) (small size indicates use for subtle purposes). The total number of ten graduations from Lothal is approximate to the angi in Arthashastra . The Lothal craftsman is careful to ensure the durability and accuracy of the stone weight by dulling the edges before polishing.

For their famous dewatering system, Lothal's engineers provided corbelled roofs, and a kiln-fired brick apron over a brick wall where sewage ducts go into a septic tank. The wooden display inserted into the grooves on the side channel wall holds solid waste. The well is built of radial brick, 2.4 meters (7.9 feet) in diameter and 6.7 meters (22 feet) deep. It has an immaculate underground drainage network, press chamber and septic tanks, and inspection chambers for solid waste. The level of drains provided by archaeologists with many clues regarding road layout, housing organization and bathhouse. On average, the main drain is 20-46 cm (7.9-18.1 in) in depth, with outer dimensions 86 Ã, Â ± 68Ã, ÃÆ'â € "Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã,. The Lothal brick maker uses a logical approach to brick making, carefully designed in terms of the thickness of the structure. They are used as headers and stretchers in the same layer and alternately. Archaeologists estimate that in many cases, bricks have a ratio of 1: 0.5: 0.25 on three sides, in dimensions that are integral multiples of the large-scale Lothal 25 mm (0.98 inch) scale.

Religion and exile of the dead

The Lothal people worshiped the god of fire, speculating to be the horned god depicted on the seal, which is also evidenced by the presence of private and public altars of fire where religious rites seem to be performed. Archaeologists have found gold pendants, scorched ash terra cotta and pottery, cow remains, beads and other signs that may indicate the practice of Gavamayana sacrifice, associated with the ancient Vedic religion. The worship of animals is also proved, but not the worship of the Mother Goddess proved in other Harappan cities - scholars regard this as a sign of diversity in religious traditions. However, it is believed that the sea goddess, perhaps cognate with the Goddess of the Indus-era, is worshiped. Today, local villagers also worship the naval goddess, Vanuvati Sikotarimata, showing the connection with ancient port traditions and past history as access to the sea. But archaeologists also found that the practice had been discontinued in 2000 BC (determined by the timing difference of burials of carbon-fixed dates). It is suggested that the practice only occurs on occasion. It is also considered that given the small number of graves found - only 17 in the population estimate of 15,000 - Lothal residents also practice cremation of the dead. The post-cremation grave has been recorded on other Indus sites such as Harappa, Mehi and Damb-Bhuti.

Metallurgy and jewelry

Lothal copper is unusually pure, lacking the arsenic commonly used by copperers throughout the Indus valley. The city imports ingots from possible sources in the Arabian peninsula. Workers mix lead with copper for making celts, arrowheads, fishing hooks, chisels, bracelets, rings, drills and spearheads, though small arms manufacturers. They also use sophisticated metallurgy to follow the casting techniques of cire perdue, and use more than one piece of mold for casting birds and animals. They also discovered new tools such as a curved saw and a spiral drill which was unknown to other civilizations at the time.

Lothal is one of the most important production centers for shell work, due to the high number of high-quality shellfish found in Kutch Bay and near the coast of Kathiawar. Gamemen, beads, ship ointment, shell chank, ladle and inlays are made for export and local consumption. Components of stringed instruments such as plectrums and bridges are made of leather. An ivory workshop operated under strict official supervision, and the domestication of elephants has been suggested. An ivory seal, and sawn pieces for boxes, combs, rods, inlays and ear buttons are found during excavation. Lothal produces many gold ornaments - the most interesting items are the golden microbeads in five strands of necklaces, unique in diameter less than 0.25 millimeters (0.010 inches). The cylindrical, round and jasper beads of gold with ends in the right-hand corner resemble the modern pendant used by women in Gujarat in wicker hair. A large disk with a hole taken from the sacrificial altar compared to the rukma used by the Vedic priest. Studs, cogwheels and heart-shaped ornaments of fainence and steatite are very popular in Lothal. A thin copper wire ring turns into a double spiral resembling a gold wire ring used by modern Hindus for marriage.

Art

The discovery of carnelian carved beads and scratched barrel beads in Kish and Ur (modern Iraq), Jalalabad (Afghanistan) and Susa (Iran) proved the popularity of the Indus bead industry throughout West Asia. The lapidaries choose colorful stone colors, producing beads of various shapes and sizes. The method of making Lothal beads so advanced that no improvements have been recorded for more than 4,000 years - modern makers in the Khambhat area follow the same technique. The double eye beads of gemstones and jasper beads and carnival jeweled or gold-wrinkled beads include those uniquely derived from Lothal. It is very famous for steatite micro-cylinder beads (chlorite). Lothal excavations produce 213 seals, third in volume among all Indus sites. Cut-seals are preferably short-horned bulls, mountain goats, tigers and composite animals such as elephants for carving. There is a short writing intaglio on almost every seal. Stamp seals with copper rings inserted into hollow buttons are used to seal the cargo, with the impression of packing materials such as mats, bent fabrics and cables, facts verified only in Lothal. Quantitative description, seal the rulers and owners stamped on the goods. A unique seal found here is from Bahrain - circular, with a dragon motif flanked by a leaping antelope.

Lothal offers two new works of pottery, a convex bowl with or without stud handles, and a small bottle with flare rims, both in the Red Ware period, are not found in contemporary Indus culture. Artist Lothal introduces a new form of realistic painting. The painting depicts animals in their natural environment. On one large ship, the artist portrays birds with fish in their beaks, resting on a tree, while a fox-like animal stands beneath. This scene has a resemblance to the story of The Fox and the Crow in Panchatantra . Artistic imagination is also suggested through careful delineation - for example, some birds with higher legs in the sky suggest flight, while half-open wings indicate which flight will come soon. In miniature jugs, the story of the thirsty crow and the deer is described - about how the deer can not drink from the narrow bottle mouth, while the crows succeed by dropping the stones into the jar. The animal features are clear and elegant. Movements and emotions are advised by the position of the limbs and facial features - in bottles 15 cm - 5 cm (5.9 inches in 2.0 liters) without being overcrowded.

A full set of terra-cotta games, has been found in Lothal - the animal figures, ivory pyramids and castle-like objects (similar to Queen Hatshepsut's chess set in Egypt). Realistic human and animal depictions show careful study of anatomical and natural features. The statue of a man with narrow eyes, sharp nose, and a square-cut beard reminds the Sumerians, especially Mari's statues. In pictures of men and women, the muscular and physical features are sharp, clearly marked. Terra-cotta models also identify differences between dog species and bulls, including horses. The animal figures with wheels and moving heads may have been used as toys.

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Excavated Lothal

On the plan, Lothal stands 285 meters (935 ft) north-to-south and 228 meters (748 ft) east-to-west. At the peak of his residence, he covered a larger area because it was still found 300 meters (980 feet) south of the mound. Due to the fragile nature of unburned bricks and frequent floods, the superstructure of all buildings has subsided. Walls, platforms, wells, drains, baths and paved floors are visible dwarfs. But thanks to the clay kept by the continuous flood, the dock wall is preserved outside the great flood (around 1900 BC). The absence of high standing walls is associated with erosion and robbery. The ancient Nullah, channels of inlets and troughs were also covered. Peripheral walls of damaged mud floods are visible near the warehouse area. The remains of a north-south gutter are burning bricks in a septic tank. Block cube shed on high platform is also visible.

Breast milk has covered peripheral walls, docks and many homes from the early phases with the earth to protect from natural phenomena, but the entire archaeological site still faces major concerns about preservation as needed. The influx of salinity and prolonged exposure to rain and the sun gradually undermined the remains of the site. Heavy rains in the region have damaged the remnants of the construction of sun-dried mud bricks. Stagnant rainwater has preserved bricks and mud works with layers of moss. Due to the sludge deposition, the shipyard draft has been reduced by 3-4 meters (9.8-13.1 ft) and the salt deposits decompose the bricks. Officials blame salinity on capillary action and showed that cracks appeared and the foundations weakened even as the restoration work slowly evolved.

Dockyard

Shipyard is located away from mainstream to avoid silt deposit. It is thought that Lothal's engineers studied tidal movements, and their influence on structures built of bricks, because the walls were made of burnt bricks. This knowledge also enabled them to choose Lothal's location in the first place, because the Khambhat Gulf has the highest tidal amplitude and the ship can flow through the tide stream at the mouth of the river. The engineers built the trapezoidal structure, with the north-south arm averaging 21.8 meters (72 feet), and the east-west arm 37 feet (121 feet). Another assessment is that the basin can serve as an irrigation tank, since the original dimension of the "dock" is not expected to be large enough, by modern standards, to ship home and do a lot of traffic. Critics of dock theory have grown since first questioned by Leshnik in 1968 and then Yule in 1982.

The original height of the embankment is 4.26 meters (14.0 feet). (Now 3.35 meters or 11.0 feet.) The main entrance is 12.8 meters (42 feet) wide, and the other is provided on the opposite side. To counter the water impulse, the offset is applied to the outer wall surface. When the river changed direction in 2000 BC, smaller inlets, 7 meters (23 feet) wide, were made in longer arms, connected to a river with a 2 kilometer (1.2 mile) channel. At the time of the tide current of 2.2-2.4 meters (6.9-7.9 feet) of water will allow the ship to enter. Provisions were made to avoid excess water through outlet channels, 96.5 meters (317 feet) wide and 1.7 meters (5.6 feet) high in the southern arm. The dock also has a gate-lock system - wooden doors can be lowered at the outlet mouth to maintain a minimum water column in the basin thus ensuring the buoy at low tide. The city's economic center, the warehouse was originally built on sixty four cubic blocks, 3.6 meters (12 feet) square, with 1.2 meters (3.9 ft) part, and based on 3.5 meters (11.5 ft )) podium bricks. The pedestal is very high to provide maximum protection from the flood. The brick-lined parts between the blocks act as ventilation, and the direct path leads to the dock for easy loading. The warehouse is located close to the acropolis, to allow for strict supervision by the ruling authority. Despite the complex precautions, the massive floods that caused the city's decline destroyed all but twelve blocks, which became temporary warehouses.

Acropolis and lower city

Lothal's acropolis is the center of the city, its political and commercial heart, measuring 127.4 meters (418 feet) from east to west by 60.9 meters (200 feet) from north to south. There are three roads and two lanes going from east to west, and two roads run north-south. The four sides of the rectangular platform in which the houses are built are formed by a brick-mud structure with thicknesses 12.2-24.4 meters (40-80 feet) and a height of 2.1-3.6 meters (6.9-11 , 8 feet). The bathhouse is mainly located in the acropolis - mostly a two-room house with an open courtyard. The bricks used for paving baths are polished to prevent seepage. Sidewalks of chalk-edges and edges are littered (wood paneling) with thin walls. The residence of the ruler is 43.92 square meters (1,696 ÃÆ' - 10 ^-5 square miles) in an area of ​​†<†<1.8 square meters (19Ã, sqÃ, ft) equipped with outgoing and incoming channels. The remains of this house provide evidence to a sophisticated drainage system. Lower town market is on the north-south main road 6-8 meters (20-26Ã, ft) wide. Built on a straight line on both sides of the road are residences and workshops, although the brick-built waterways and early-period housing have disappeared. The roads maintain uniform width and do not encroach during the reconstructive period after delusions. There are several two-room shops and workplaces of copper and blacksmiths.

The bead factory, which performs a very important economic function, has a central courtyard and eleven rooms, a shop and a guard house. There is a cinder dump, as well as a double-chambered circular place, with a stoke hole for fuel supply. Four flues are connected to each other, the upper room and stoke continue. Mud plaster from the floor and walls are lit due to intense heat during work. Remnants of raw materials such as reeds, cow dung, sawdust and agate are found, giving archaeologists clues as to how the kiln is operated. A building of large mud overlooks the factory, and its significance is recorded by its plan. Four large rooms and a hall, with an overall size of 17.1 times 12.8 meters (56Ã, ft ÃÆ' â € "42Ã, ft). The hall had a large door and an elevated floor at the south corner of the building.

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Coastal trading route

The coastal route may have existed linking sites such as Lothal and Dholavira to Sutkagan Dor on Makran beach.

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See also

• List of Indus Valley Civilization sites
• Bhagatrav, small port
• Rangpur, India is a seaport

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Note

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References

• S. Srikanta Sastri, "Harappa Town Planning" (published in "Uttar Pradesh" in November 1961).
• S. R. Rao, Lothal (published by the Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, 1985)
• U.S. Khadikar, N. Basaviah, T. K. Gundurao and C. Rajshekhar Paleoenvironments around Harappan harbor from Lothal, Gujarat, western India, in the Journal of the Indian Geophysicists Union (2004)
• Lawrence S. Leshnik, Harappan "Port" in Lothal: Another View American anthropologist, New Series, Vol.a, 70, No. 5, Oct., 1968), p. 911 -922
• Robert Bradnock, Rajasthan and Gujarat Handbook: Travel Guide ISBNÃ, 1-900949-92-X
• S. R. Rao, Lothal and Indus Civilization ISBNÃ, 0-210-22278-6
• S. R. Rao, Lothal: A Harappan Port Town (1955-1962) (Memoir of Archaeological Survey of India) ASIN: B0006E4EAC
• Paul Yule, Lothal. Stadt der Harappa-Kultur in Nordwest-Indien . Materialien zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden ArchÃÆ'¤ologie 9, Munich, 1982 = AVA-Materialien, ISBNÃ, 3406090583
• Sir John Marshall, Mohenjo-daro and Indus Civilization I-III (1932)
• Dennys Frenez & amp; Maurizio Tosi The Lothal Sealings: Notes from the City of Indus Civilization at the Eastern End of the Maritime Trade Circuit in the Arabian Sea , in M. Perna (Ed.), Studies at Onore in Enrica Fiandra. Contributions in archeologia egea e vicinorientale, Naples 2005, pp.Ã, 65-103.
• S. P. Gupta (ed.), The Lost Sarasvati and Indus Civilization (1995), Kusumanjali Prakashan, Jodhpur
• Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Ancient City of Indus Valley Civilization (1998) Oxford University Press, ISBNÃ, 0-19-577940-1

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External links

• Images from Lothal Remains
• Lothal
• Walk through Lothal
• The Chronology of Ancient Civilizations
• Harappan Civilization
• Indus artifacts
• Cache of Seal Impressions Found in Western India Offers Surprising New Proof For Cultural Complexity at Little Ahar-banas Culture, Circa 3000-1500 B.C
• "Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization". Archived from original on January 1, 2007. Ã,
• Picture set

Source of the article : Wikipedia