The Uluburun Shipwreck is a late Bronze Age shipwreck dated at the end of the 14th century BC, found near the east coast of Uluburun (Grand Cape), and about 6 miles (9.7 km) southeast of Ka , in southwest Turkey. The shipwreck was discovered in the summer of 1982 by Mehmed ÃÆ'â € akir, a local sponge divers from Yal? Kavak, a village near Bodrum.
Eleven successive campaigns lasting three to four months lasted from 1984 to 1994 with a total of 22,413 dives, revealing one of the most spectacular Bronze Age End aggregations that have emerged from the Mediterranean Sea.
Video Uluburun shipwreck
Discovery
The shipwreck site was discovered in the summer of 1982 because Mehmet's sketches of "metal biscuits with ears" were recognized as ingots of oxhide. Turkey's sponge divers often consult the Institute of Nautical Archeology (INA) survey team on how to identify ancient shipwrecks while diving for a sponge. ÃÆ' â € ¡Akir's O urgent Findings? Uz AlpÃÆ'¶zen, Director of the Bodrum Underwater Archaeological Museum, to send inspection teams from museums and INA archaeologists to find shipwreck sites. The inspection team managed to find some copper rods just 50 meters from Uluburun beach.
Real route
With the evidence provided from the cargo on the ship it can be assumed that the ship was sailing from the port of Cyprus or Syro-Palestine. Uluburun ships undoubtedly sailed into the western region of Cyprus, but the ultimate goal can be inferred only from the distribution of objects that match the type brought on board. It has been proposed that the purpose of the ship is a port somewhere in the Aegean Sea. Rhodes, at that time an important redistribution center for Aegean, has been suggested as a possible destination. According to shipwreck excavators, the possible final destination of the ship is one of the Mycenaean palaces, on the Greek mainland.
Dating
Peter Kuniholm from Cornell University commissioned dendrochronological dating duties to obtain an absolute date for ships. The result of wood dates in 1305 BC, but since no surviving skin is impossible to determine the exact date and it can be assumed that the ship sank some time after that date. Based on ceramic evidence, it appears that Uluburun sank towards the end of the Amarna period, but could not sink before the Nefertiti era because a unique gold scarab engraved with its name was found aboard. For now, the conclusion that the ship drowned at the end of the 14th century BC was accepted.
The origins of objects on ships range from geographical northern Europe to Africa, as far west as Sicily and Sardinia, and as far east as Mesopotamia. They appear to be products of nine or ten cultures. This evidence shows that the end of the Aegean Bronze Age is an international trade medium that may be based on royal gifts in the Near East.
According to reconstructions by various experts, the Uluburun shipwreck illustrates the growing commercial marine tissue in the Mediterranean Bronze Age End. In this case, luxury goods are very diverse, royal gifts and raw materials. According to the findings, it has been suggested that Mycenaean officials also accompany the prize.
Maps Uluburun shipwreck
Vessel
The distribution of scrap and scattered loads indicates that the ship is between 15 and 16 meters in length. It was built on a shell-first method, with mortise-and-tenon connections similar to the Graeco-Roman ships in subsequent centuries.
Although there has been a detailed examination of Uluburun's hull, there is no evidence of framing. The bell seems to be imperfect, perhaps more of a bell board than it paid off in the traditional sense. The ship was built with planks and pine wood and pine wood. Lebanese cedar trees are from the mountains of Lebanon, southern Turkey, and central Cyprus. The ship was carrying 24 stone anchors. The rock is a type that is almost unknown in the Aegean, but is often built in Syrian-Palestinian temples and in Cyprus. The brush and stick serve as a dunnage to help protect the shipboard from metal bars and other heavy loads.
Cargo
- This is the cargo list as described by Pulak (1998).
The Uluburun ship cargo is largely composed of raw materials which are trade goods, which before the invention of the ship were known mainly from ancient texts or Egyptian tomb paintings. The cargo matches many of the royal prizes listed in the Amarna letters found in El-Amarna, Egypt.
- Copper and tin bars
- a crude copper cargo totaling ten tons, comprising a total of 354 woody sticks oxhide (a rectangle with elongated handrails from every angle).
- Of the total number of ingots at least 31 unique two-handled ingots that are identified are most likely shaped in this way to assist the ingot loading process into a specially designed saddle or harness for ease of long-distance transport with pack animals.
- 121 copper bread and an ingot oval.
- The oxhide ingots are initially stored in 4 different lines on the vessel's hold, either down the slope after the ship sank or shift when the stomach is under load.
- Approximately a ton of lead (when mixed with copper will produce about 11 tons of bronze).
- Tin ingots are oxhide and bun shaped.
- Canaan jars and Pistacia resin
- At least 149 Canaan jars (found mostly in Greece, Cyprus, Syria-Palestine, and Egypt).
- Jars are categorized as northern types and most likely made somewhere in the northern part of modern Israel.
- One jar is filled with glass beads, many filled with olives, but most contain a substance known as Pistacia resin (berebong), a kind of ancient turpentine.
- The latest clay analysis of Canaanite tube flakes from the 18th Tell El-Amarna Dynasty site has resulted in the designation of certain clay fabrics, and appears to be the same as that of the Uluburun shipwreck, of an exclusively related type. in Amarna by transporting Pistacia resins.
- Glass ingots
- Approximately 175 stems of blue turquoise and lavender cobalt are found (the earliest known intact mirror).
- The chemical composition of the cobalt blue glass ingot matches the ships of the contemporary Egyptian core and the Mycenaean pendant beads, which show the same source.
- Different loads
- Black wood from Africa (called ebony by the Egyptians)
- Ivory in the form of clumps of intact and partial hippos and elephant ivory
- More than a dozen ippopotamus teeth
- Turtle sack (top skin)
- Murex opercula (a possible ingredient for incense)
- Ostrich egg shells
- Cypriot pottery
- Cyprus oil lamp
- Bronze and copper ships (four cups drinking faience sheep's head and one shaped like a woman's head)
- Two boxes of ivory-shaped ivory cosmetics
- Cosmetics or purple spoon of teeth
- Trumpet
- More than two dozen sea shell rings
- Beads from amber (Baltic origin)
- Agate Stone
- Carnelian
- Quartz
- Gold
- Faience
- Glass
- Jewelry, gold and silver
- A collection of Canaanite gold and silver jewelry that can be used and memo
- Among the 37 pieces of gold are: pectorals, medals, pendants, beads, small ring ingots, and various fragments
- Bicycle trophy (the biggest golden object of the accident)
- Egyptian objects of gold, electrum, silver, and steatite (rocks of soap)
- The gold beetle bears the name Nefertiti
- The statue of a bronze woman (head, neck, hands, and feet covered with gold sheets)
- Weapons and tools
- Arrow
- Spearhead
- Maces
- Dagger
- Lugged shaft-hole axe
- Near Eastern type armor scale
- Four swords (Canaanese, Mycenaean, and Italian (?)) types
- A large number of tools: sickle, rivet, drill bit, saw, pair of tongs, chisel, ax, link generator, grindstone, and adorable
- Pan-balance weight
- 19 zoomorphic weights (Uluburun weight assemblage is one of the largest and most complete groups of contemporary end-time Peace weights)
- 120 geometric shape weights
- Edibles
- Almond
- Pine nuts
- Images
- Olives
- Wine
- Safflower
- Black cumin
- Sumac
- Cilantro
- Pomegranate intact
- Some barley grains and barley
Excavation
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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