Manilla is a form of money, usually made of bronze or copper, used in West Africa. They are produced in large quantities in various designs, sizes, and weights. Originating before the colonial period, perhaps as a result of trade with the Portuguese Empire, Manillas continued to serve as money and decorative objects until the late 1940s and is still used as a decorative object in several contexts. In popular consciousness, they are primarily associated with Atlantic slave trade.
Video Manilla (money)
Asal dan etimologi
The name manilla is said to come from Spanish for 'bracelets' manella , Portuguese for' hand-ring ' manilha , or after Latin manus (hand) or from monilia , plural 'monile (necklace). They are usually horseshoe shaped, with opposite terminations and roughly candy-shaped. The earliest use of manilla is in West Africa. As a means of exchange they come from Calabar. Calabar is the main city of the ancient southeast coast of ancient Nigeria with that name. It was here in 1505 that a slave could be bought for 8-10 manillas, and an elephant's tooth for a copper manila
Parallel ethnography
Manillas has a resemblance to torque or torque that is rigid and circular and open at the front. (The word 'torc' comes from the Latin torquere , 'twisted', because of the crooked collar shape, the occasional feature of manillas.) Despite the most frequent torque of the ring neck, there are also bracelets with this shape. Torc is made of gold or bronze, silver less often.
We know from various sources, such as grave goods, that torsi is worn by various European nations from the Bronze Age, around 1000 BC, to about 300 AD, including Galatia (Anatolian Celtic), various German tribes, Scythians and Persians. Although some of the most detailed specimens are found in Phanagoria and Pereshchepina in Pontic steppe, this type of necklace is still popularly associated with the Celtic people, especially Englishmen, Gauls, Criminals and Iberians.
Maps Manilla (money)
Type
Africans in each region have a name for each variation of manilla, may vary locally. They value them differently, and are especially well-known about the kind they will receive. Manillas is partly distinguished and appreciated by the sounds they make when attacked.
A report by British Consul Fernando Po in 1856 mentions five different manilla patterns used in Nigeria. The Antony Manilla is good at all interior markets; Congo Simgolo or 'bottle jar' is good only in the market of Opungo; the Onadoo is best for Old Calabar, the Igbo state between Bonny New Kalabari and the Ottoman Empire; Finniman Fawfinna is lucrative in the Juju Town and Qua markets; but only half the value of Antony ; and Cutta Antony are appreciated by people in Umbala.
The development of African names may be more due to the regional custom of the actual manufacturing specialization. The 'Mkporo' is probably a Dutch or English manilla and 'Popo' is French, but the rest is an example of a single expanding Birmingham product.
An important landfill has a group of 72 pieces with the same patination and hardening of the soil, indicating general burial. There are 7 Mkporo; 19 feet Nkobnkob-round; 9 feet Nkobnkob-oval; and 37 feet Popo-square. The lightest 'Nkobnkobs' in the embankment is 108 grams and 114 grams, while they are routinely found (called Onoudu) below 80 grams, this implies that the group is buried at a certain point in manila devolution size. Mkporo made of brass. The heavy correspondence of the oval-foot Nkobnkob with the high end of the round-leg range indicates that it is either a previous, or contemporary, varieties with the earliest rounded legs. The exclusive presence of the "square foot" varieties of French Popo, which is usually rare among the Popos circulation groups, suggests that this is the earliest variety. The earliest Frenchman was most likely to be his neighbor from early English pieces.
Sometimes distinguished from manila especially by their endurance is a large number of types of areas called 'Bracelets' money and 'Legband' money. Some are fairly uniform in size and weight and serve as account money like manilla, but others are actually used as a display of wealth. Those who are less able will imitate the 'better' movement that is so burdened by the burden of manila that they move in a very distinctive way. The larger manilla has a much more open form.
History
Origins
Some sources link their introduction to the ancient Phoenicians who trade along the west coast of Africa or even early Carthaginian explorers and merchants. Egyptians have also been advised because they use pennies. One suggestion is that Nigerian fishermen take them into their nets from the wreck of European ship's shipwrecks or get them from the copper 'pin' used in a wooden sailing ship destroyed in the Bight of Benin. One theory is that if the natives, they copied Raffia raff bracelets worn by women, the other famous Yoruba Mondua with its rounded edges inspired the manilla form.
Bracelets and copper foot bands are the main 'money' and are usually worn by women to display the wealth of their husbands. Therefore, early Portuguese merchants found a pre-existing and very comfortable willingness to accept an unlimited number of these 'bracelets', and they were referred by Duarte Pacheco Pereira who sailed in the 1490s to buy ivory ivory, slaves , and pepper. He paid 12 to 15 manila from brass for a slave, less if they were of copper. In 1522 in Benin a 16 year-old female slave needed 50 manila; The king of Portugal confines 40 manila per slave to stop this inflation.
The earliest reports on the use of Manillas in Africa show its origins in Calabar the capital city of Nigeria's coastal Southeast Coast State. It has been documented that in 1505 in Calabar, (Nigeria) Manila was used as a medium of exchange, one manilla was worth a large elephant tooth, and the cost of slaves between eight and ten manila. They were also used in the Benin river in 1589 and again in Calabar in 1688, where Dutch merchants bought slaves of payments in rough gray copper tires that had to be made very well or they would quickly be rejected.
In addition to the earliest reports, the origin of Manillas from Calabar for use in Africa and especially Nigeria is also confirmed by the African and other universal names for Manillas as ÃÆ''kpÃÆ'²hÃÆ'² , which is the (Efik) word for money used throughout this report and in the headings of the images in this report.
Role in the slave trade
Although gold was the main merchandise and sought by the Portuguese, at the beginning of the 16th century they participated in the slave trade for carriers to bring manila into the interior of Africa, and gradually manilla became the main money of this trade. The Portuguese were soon ruled out by the British, French, and Dutch, who all had labor-intensive plantations in the West Indies, and then by Americans whose southern states were tied to the cotton economy. A typical journey takes manila and utilitarian brass objects like pots and basins into West Africa, then slaves to America, and cotton goes back to the factories in Europe. The price of a slave, expressed in manilla, varies greatly with the time, place, and type of special manilla on offer.
Production and design
Copper is the "red gold" of Africa and has been mined there and traded throughout the Sahara by Italian and Arab traders. It is not known exactly what the Portuguese or Dutch maniac looks like. From contemporary records, we know the earliest Portuguese made in Antwerp for kings and probably other places, and about 240 millimeters (9.4 in) long, about 13 millimeters (0.51 inches), weighing 600 grams (21 oz) in 1529, although in 1548 the dimensions and weights were reduced to about 250 grams (8.8 oz) -280 grams (9.9 oz). In many places, brass, which is cheaper and easier to cast, is preferred over copper, so the Portuguese introduced a smaller yellow maniac made of copper and led with traces of zinc and other metals. In Benin, Art of the Kingdom of Africa , by Armand Duchateau, is a large manilla measuring 25 cm (9.8 inches) and 4.5 cm (1.8 inches), with rough edges with tipped sides, and also obsolete. It can be the toughest (no weight) and the earliest known manilla. However, in the same book is a placard with Europe holding two very distinct forms, a crescent-shaped endlessly blazing, though it seems heavy if the proportions are true. Today, these blunt pieces and sizes are attributed to the Congo.
Between 1504 and 1507, Portuguese traders imported 287,813 manila from Portugal to Guinea through Jorge da Mina's SÃÆ'â € Jorge da Mina trading station. When the Dutch dominated African trade, they tend to have moved from Antwerp to Amsterdam, continuing the "brass" maniac, though, as stated, we have no way to identify the Dutch manilla positively. Traders and traveler accounts are both numerous and specific for relative names and values, but no apparently surviving images or detailed descriptions can link this account to the specific manilla types found today. Preferred metals were originally copper, then brass at about the end of the 15th century and finally bronze in about 1630.
At the beginning of the 18th century, Bristol, with companies like R & amp; W. King (one of the companies later incorporated into the United African Company), and then Birmingham, became Europe's most significant brass manufacturing city. It is likely that most types of brass manila are made there, including the "middle period" of Nkobnkob-Onoudu whose weight seems to decrease with time, and the lighter "end period" types such as Okpoho (from Efik to brass) and those who were saved from accidents Duoro in 1843. Among end type types, overlapping overlapping specific specimens show contemporary manufacture rather than type development. The Popos, whose weight distribution puts them at the point of transition between Nkobnkob and Onoudu, were made in Nantes, France, probably Birmingham too and too small to wear. They are wider than the Birmingham type and have a gradual flare, rather than abruptly, to the end.
Heavier classes, longer pieces, may be produced in Africa, often labeled by collectors as manila "Raja" or "Queen". Usually with blazing edges and more often copper than brass, they show a wide variety of design patterns and faceting. The more obvious type is bullion money, but the more luxurious one is owned by the nobility and used as the bridal price and in the pre-burial "funeral ceremony". In contrast to smaller money maniacs, their reach is not limited to western Africa. Typical brass with four flat sides and slightly bulging square ends, ranging from about 50 ounces (1,400 g) -150 ounces (4,300 g), manufactured by Jonga from Zaire and called 'Onganda', or 'onglese', French phonetics for "English." Other types of so-called manilla include heavy-duty cut wire cuts (with and without "knots") from possible Calabar origin, and heavy copper coils with bulging tip from Nigeria.
Demise
The Original Currency Proclamation of 1902 in Nigeria prohibited the import of manilla except with the permission of the High Commissioner. This is done to encourage the use of money from the merger. They are still used regularly and were an administrative problem in the late 1940s. The Ibo tribe still used them before and in Wukai a large bowl of maize was considered the same as one large manilla and a cup-shaped container filled with a salt worth my little one of my manilla . Although manila is a legitimate means of payment, they float against the West African and British English currencies and palm oil trading companies manipulate their value for profit during the market season.
The UK made a major withdrawal dubbed "manilla operation" in 1948 to replace them with the West African British currency. The campaign was largely successful and more than 32 million pieces were bought and resold as junk. Manilla, a lingering reminder of slave trade, ceased to be a legal tender in West African England on April 1, 1949 after a six-month withdrawal period. People are allowed to keep a maximum of 200 for ceremonies such as weddings and funerals. Only Okpoho , Okombo and abi are officially recognized and they are "purchased" at 3d., 1d. and a half dozen each. 32.5 million Okpoho , 250,000 okombo , and 50,000 abi are submitted and redeemed. A metal trader in Europe bought 2,460 tons of manila, but the practice still weighed on taxpayers somewhere in the region of £ 284,000.
Revival
As an antique to tourist trade and their non-monetary internal use is still made, often from more modern metals like aluminum, but the design is still very traditional. Manillas is sometimes still used in some remote villages in Burkina Faso (2000).
Usage
Internally, manila is the first known common-purpose currency in West Africa, used for the purchase of ordinary markets, bridal prices, fines, compensation forecasters, and for the needs of the next world, as funerals. The Cowrie shells, imported from Melanesia and valued in a small portion of manilla, are used for small purchases. In areas outside the coast of West Africa and the Niger River various other currencies, like the more original original design bracelets, iron units often come from tools, copper rods, themselves often bent into bracelets, and the famous Handa (Katanga Cross) all serves as special purpose money. When the slave trade declined in the 19th century, manila production too, which has become unprofitable. In the 1890s its use in the export economy was centered around the palm oil trade. Many manila are melted by African artisans to produce works of art. Manila is often hung above the grave to show the wealth of the deceased and in the Degema area of ​​Benin some women still wear large manila around their necks at the cemetery, which is then placed in the family temple. Manilla gold is said to have been made for a very important and powerful, such as King Jaja of Opobo in 1891.
See also
- Trade Beads
- Cents penny
- Grivna
References
External links
- Biography of the object: Manilla at Pitt Rivers Museum
- Manilla currency, West Africa at Hamill Gallery
- Currency Museum in Central Bank of Nigeria
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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