The Bonda (also known as Bondo, Bondo Poraja, Bhonda, or Remo) is a Munda ethnic group of about 12,000 (2011 census) living in remote hill country in Malkangiri district of southwest Odisha, India, near the intersection three states of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh.
Video Bonda people
Bonda Culture
Bonda people are tribal people who currently live in the hills of the Odisha Malkangiri district of India. There are two distinct Bonda tribes: the Upper Bonda with the most isolated 6,700 populations of mainstream Indian society, and Bonda Bawah with a population of 17,000. The upper Bondas barely has connections to the outside world. Dianu Sisha took the oath of office to become the first MLA {Member of the legislative council} for the Bonda tribe, whom he traces his ancestors. Sisha strives to protect the traditions and culture of society while providing them with educational opportunities. Only 6% of educated Bondas. Life expectancy of this tribe is very low until almost extinct.
The non-free birthing system or Goti in India is known as Gufam by Bonda people. According to Pati, male brutal workers are called Gufam-Rem while female laborers are Gufam-Boy . Bonda people often lead to work bonds through marriage, also known as diosing .
A dowry form (known as Gining ) is paid for the bride. In Gining items are used to determine how many matchups will occur. For example, the number of cows depends on the girl's social status.
Bonda boys are expected to marry between the ages of 10 and 12. Although a man can pay the bride price for his brother, the brother should always return the amount owed.
Divorce, also known as "Lung Sisi" is also a problem in the Bonda community. In some extreme circumstances, as if a Bonda woman was divorced for adultery, her ex-husband demanded twice the price paid for their marriage. The village council determines the severity of the case to a decision based on the number of cows being reimbursed. However, if a man is the one who caused the mistake that resulted in a divorce, he can no longer marry through a regulated marriage system.
When death or
Population growth in Bonda Hills in India leads to a decline in forest habitat despite a balanced ecosystem. Poverty, however, becomes a fundamental problem among Bonda people because of the social customs of compulsory marriage and death, along with other socio-religious practices. These habits do not improve health or economic status, which has created a lot of poverty for them. For example, crop production is barely able to feed the population. To overcome hunger, Bonda people, or Remixed Remo , often take loans ( Kalantar or Badi ) to eat. Loans are usually in cash and taken from members of the community or figures who serve as landlords of Sakar Remo . Approximately 62 out of 245 households in the Bonda hills are in debt. Loans taken even in cash are subject to interest rates, and these funds often provide payments for: bridal price, fine, and performance of socio-religious rites. As a result, debt repayment becomes difficult, with penalties and continuing interest rates. Very often Bonda people cause debt bonds and are forced to liquidate assets such as: land, trees, animals, etc.
Maps Bonda people
Remo, Bonda language
Bonda is a scheduled tribe in India and also known as Remo (meaning "person" in Bonda). This tribe is one of the oldest and most primitive on the Indian mainland; their culture has changed little over a thousand years. They are one of 75 Primitive Tribal Groups identified by the Government of India. Their isolation and known aggressiveness continue to preserve their culture despite pressure from the ever expanding Indian population. Their language belongs to the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic language family. This is most closely related to Gutob language.
Realizing that Bonda people are experiencing a cultural decline, the Orissa Government revived the Bonda Development Agency (BDA) in 1977. In spite of the initiatives taken by the Bonda Development Agency since then, the literacy rate of the Bonda tribe remains one of the lowest, as low as 14 percent.
The two most important phonetic features that characterize the Bonda language are the stop glotal, which is the glottic plosive produced by the breath release behind the vocal cords, and the consonants being examined. The voices are also featured in Munda as a whole. These are the consonants that have been examined k ' and p' that occur in Bonda, found mostly in the final position of the original words. A glottal stop, however, can occur initially in the original words. In fact, the consonants that have been examined k ' and p' have been polarized. The examined consonants behave differently in Bonda depending on whether they are followed by other vowels or consonants. It has been found that when k ' and p' are followed by their fixed glottal stop vowels, but they become sound g and b . It currently looks as if Bonda k ' is being completely replaced by the sound g . This may be a product of Bonda's recent assimilation into contemporary Indian culture. This resulted in the loss of one of Bonda's original sounds.
Clothing
The Bonda are generally semi-clothing, the women wear thick silver neck bands. Bonda outfits are described in legends related to the Ramayana. According to him, some Bonda women happened to see Sita bathing in a pond in the hills of Bonda and, seeing him naked, they giggled. Angry, Sita cursed them for living where they would be cursed to remain naked and her head shaved. When the Bonda women ask for forgiveness, Sita gives them a piece of cloth that she ripped from her sari. This explains, according to legend, why the Bonda woman has shaved her head and wearing only a ring of rings, a cloth that covers her waist. Their torsos are coated with colorful beads. Bonda women also wear metal rings that cover their necks and bracelets on their arms. Because Bonda women hunt and search for food in the forest, it is suspected that these ornaments have a function to protect them from injuries and attacks of wild animals.
Bonda women have their heads shaved and decorated with two types of headband, called turuba and lobeda . The turuba is made of grass and lobeda made of beads. Shared together turuba secures lobeda by preventing the beaded headband from slipping off the woman's head. Bonda ladies wear metal ribbons adorning their necks, called khagla and are made of aluminum. Including bands on their necks, necklaces made of beads are also worn, this is called Mali . Because the culture that surrounds the cloth ringa those who cover the waist down, khagla and Mali acts as a kind of clothing for the upper body of a woman. Both men and women of the tribe wear earrings called limbi are made of brass, and the rings on their fingers called orti are made of aluminum. For bachelors or newly married men, it is customary to wear their own jewelry. Beginning at the age of eight or nine, men will adorn their bodies with a headband called ornaghboh , a bracelet named sungrai , a necklace named thangimali , earrings called takul , and the ring is called sanbah . After marriage, men usually do not continue to decorate their bodies with more ornaments.
Gender roles
In the Bonda community, women enjoy a privileged position. They are the main workers and food providers for the community. Matriarchal dominance is also seen in the norms of marriage society. Bonda girls generally marry boys who are at least five to ten years younger than them. Thus the girl takes care of her husband as she grows and in turn he takes care of his older wife. In contrast to many other populations in India, the number of women among Bonda exceeds that of men.
Among men, alcoholism is a big problem. They spend a lot of time brewing and consuming liquor from rice, palm and mahua flowers. The Bondas were trained to use weapons at a young age. This, coupled with the rampant alcoholism and their reputation for rapid temperament, has contributed to the high rate of murder among them.
The Bondas still use
They like to put oil on their heads. The women make the worli painting in their home
Threat to Bonda culture
The Orissa government for years tried to take Bonda into the mainstream and founded the Bonda Development Agency (BDA) in 1977 with this purpose. The outward influence resulted in Bondas being given a new god. Thus, Jagannath has been pushed into their lives and their gods (mostly related to nature) have been phased out of their lives. The curriculum in public schools also attempts to inject this process through prayer and song. The Bonda has started taking non-traditional jobs as migrant workers and as peons and clerks in government offices. This mainstreaming process also has its downfall. Remo or Bonda has about 2,500 speakers on the Jayapur hill in Koraput. Although many speakers from several languages ​​of Munda, bilingualism is widespread. With the current assimilation speed, most Munda languages ​​will not survive until the end of this century. All Munda language communities are under considerable demographic and socio-economic pressure to assimilate the local Indo-Aryan language. Remo is now an endangered language as more Bondas are brought to Odia as the primary language of their communication. The absence of scripts or text for Remo adds to the threat of extinction. It is also feared that other indigenous knowledge from Bondas will also be a victim of this emphasis on integrating them with the Oriya community.
In response to a typhoon threat on October 12, 2014, about 1,300 Bonda and Didai tribe members living "in different villages under Mudulipada and Andrahal gram panchayats" have been transferred to the Tribal Welfare Department run by Mudulipada Senior High School on Saturday. Approximately 3,000 more will be transferred to schools and other buildings near Bonda Hill if necessary. For tribes living in "straw houses and kutcha" are being transferred to cyclone shelter.
Bibliography
- Pancorbo, Luis (2008): "Bonda" and "Avatares. Viajes por la India de los dioses". pp.Ã, 147-167. Miraguano Ediciones, Madrid.
- Bhattacharya, S. "Glottlal Stop and Checked Consonants in Bonda." Indo-Iranian Journal 9 (1965): 69-71.
- Ranjan Sahu, Priya. "Bondas, Primitive Tribe in Odisha Hills, Get Their First MLA." Point of View Reference Center. Hindustan Times, May 24, 2014. Web. October 22, 2014.
- Pati, Rabindra Nath., and Jagannatha Dash. Indian Peoples and Indigenes: Problems and Prospects. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub., 2002. Print.
- "The Bonda Shift to Safety." Access World News. New Indian Express, via HT Media Ltd., October 12, 2014. Web. October 20, 2014.
- van Driem, G. (2007). An endangered language in South Asia. Diversity of Endangered Languages, B. Matthias, ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 303-341.
- Pati, Biswamoy. (1990). Koraput: Perception in a Changing Society. Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 25, No. 18/19 (5-12 May 1990), pp. 986-988. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4396254
References
External links
- Manushi in INDIA TOGETHER: Reversal of family roles/Patterns of Bonda Orissa tribe
- Sinlung Sinlung - Indian tribes.
- L'Inde FantÃÆ'Â'me (Louis Malle, 1969) 6 - Les etrangers en Inde Part I. French documentary about Bonda.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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