Richard Phillips Feynman May 11, 1918 - February 15, 1988) is an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the integral formulation of quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics theory, and superfluidity physics super cold liquid helium, as well as in particle physics which he proposes a parton model. For his contribution to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, together with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichir? Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965.
Feynman developed a widely used image representation scheme for mathematical expression describing the behavior of subatomic particles, later known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the most famous scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 world-renowned physicists by the British journal Physics World he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time.
He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and became widely publicly known in the 1980s as a member of the Rogers Commission, a panel that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Along with his work in theoretical physics, Feynman has been credited with pioneering the field of quantum computing and introducing the concept of nanotechnology. He holds professor Richard C. Tolman in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology.
Feynman is a keen physicist through both books and lectures including the 1959 talks on top-down nanotechnology called There's Lots of Space under and the publication of his three college volumes, The Feynman Lectures on Physics >. Feynman is also known through semi-autobiography of his books Surely you are joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Others Think? and books written about him like as Tuva or Bust! by Ralph Leighton and Genius biography: Life and Science Richard Feynman by James Gleick.
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Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, to Lucille nà © à © e Phillips, a housewife, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager, originally from Minsk in Belarus, part of the Russian Empire. Both are Lithuanian Jews. They were not religious, and in his youth Feynman described himself as a "recognized atheist". Years later, in a letter to Tina Levitan, refusing to request information for his book on Jewish Nobel Prize winners, he declared, "To vote, for the approval of strange elements deriving from some Jewish descendants who allegedly were to open the door for everything a kind of nonsense about racial theory, "adding," at the age of thirteen I not only moved on to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jews were "the elect." Later in life, during a visit to the Seminary The Jewish theologian, he met the Talmud for the first time and said that it contained a kind of medieval reasoning and was a remarkable book.
Like Albert Einstein and Edward Teller, Feynman is a late speaker, and on his third birthday has not spoken a word. He retains the Brooklyn accent as an adult. The accent was strong enough to be considered as a pretense or exaggeration - so much so that his friends Wolfgang Pauli and Hans Bethe once commented that Feynman spoke like a "bum". The young Feynman was deeply influenced by his father, who encouraged him to ask questions to challenge orthodox thought, and who was always ready to teach Feynman something new. From his mother, he gained the sense of humor he had throughout his life. As a child, he has a knack for technique, maintains an experimental laboratory in his home, and likes to fix the radio. When he was in elementary school, he invented a home burglar alarm system while his parents went out for daily chores.
When Richard was five years old, his mother gave birth to a younger brother, Henry Philips, who died at the age of four weeks on February 25, 1924. Four years later, Richard Joan's sister was born and her family moved to Far Rockaway, Queens. Despite being separated by nine years, Joan and Richard are close, as both share a natural curiosity about the world. Their mother thinks that women do not have the intellectual capacity to understand such things. Although their mother disagreed with Joan's desire to study astronomy, Richard encouraged his sister. Joan eventually became an astrophysicist who specializes in the interaction between Earth and the solar wind.
Maps Richard Feynman
Education
Feynman attended the Rockaway High School, a school in Far Rockaway, Queens, which was also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. After high school, Feynman was quickly promoted to a higher math class. The IQ test run by high school estimates his IQ at 125 - high, but "only honorable" according to biographer James Gleick. Her sister, Joan, did better, allowing her to claim that she was smarter. Years later he refused to join Mensa International, saying his IQ was too low. Physicist Steve Hsu states the test:
I suspect that this test emphasizes verbal skills, as opposed to mathematics. Feynman received the highest score in the United States with a large margin on Putnam's mathematical exam mathematics competition which is very difficult... He also has the highest score in the record on the math/physics graduate acceptance exam at Princeton... Feynman's cognitive abilities may have a slight skew... I remember seeing excerpts from the notebooks Feynman kept while undergraduate... [it] contained a number of spelling mistakes and grammatical errors. I doubt Feynman really cares about such things.
When Feynman was 15, he taught himself trigonometry, advanced algebra, infinite sequence, analytical geometry, and differential and integral calculus. Before going to college, he experimented with and picked up mathematical topics like a half-derivative using his own notation. He creates special symbols for the functions of logarithms, sines, cosines and tangents so that they do not look like the three variables are multiplied together, and for the derivatives, to remove the temptation of canceling the d. A member of the Arista Honor Society, in his final year in high school he won the New York University Mathematics Championship. His habit of direct characterization sometimes shakes up more conventional thinkers; for example, one of the questions, when studying the anatomy of a cat, is "Do you have a cat map?" (Referring to the anatomical chart).
Feynman enrolled at Columbia University but was not accepted because of their quota for the number of Jews received. Instead, he attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he joined the Phi Beta Delta fraternity. Although he initially majored in mathematics, he later turned to electrical engineering, because he considered mathematics too abstract. Realizing that he was "gone too far," he then turned to physics, which he claimed was "in between." As a scholar, he published two papers on Physical Review. One, co-written with Manuel Vallarta, is in "A Series of Cosmic Rays by Galaxy Stars".
Vallarta let his disciples in on top secret counselor mentor-protà © Ã… © gÃÆ'Ã… ©: the name of the senior scientist came first. Feynman took revenge a few years later, when Heisenberg ended the entire book about cosmic rays with the phrase: "Such effects are not expected by Vallarta and Feynman." When they met again, Feynman asked merrily whether Vallarta had seen Heisenberg's book. Vallarta knows why Feynman grinned. "Yes," he replied. "You are the last word in cosmic rays."
The other is his senior thesis, about "The Army in the Molecule", based on an idea by John C. Slater, who was impressed enough by the newspaper to publish it. Today, it is known as the Hellmann-Feynman theorem.
In 1939, Feynman received a bachelor's degree, and was named Putnam Fellow. He achieved a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exam to Princeton University in physics - an unprecedented achievement - and a remarkable value in mathematics, but not bad on the part of history and English. The head of the physics department there, Henry D. Smyth, had another concern, wrote to Philip M. Morse to ask: "Is the Jewish Feynman? We have no definite rules against the Jews but must keep their proportions in our department small enough because of the difficulty placing them. "Morse admits that Feynman is indeed a Jew, but assures Smyth that" Feynman's physiognomy and manner, however, show no trace of these characteristics ".
Attendees at Feynman's first seminar, which is a classic version of Wheeler-Feynman's absorbing theory, included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. Pauli made a straightforward comment that the theory would be very difficult to quantize, and Einstein said that one might try to apply this method to gravity in general relativity, which Sir Fred Hoyle and Jayant Narlikar did much later as the Hoyle-Narlikar theory of gravity. Feynman received his Ph.D. from Princeton in 1942; his thesis advisor is John Archibald Wheeler. His doctoral thesis was entitled "The Fewest Action Principles in Quantum Mechanics". Feynman has applied the principle of silent action to the problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to measure Wheeler-Feynman's theory of electrodynamic absorbers, and laid the foundation for the integral formation of roads and Feynman diagrams. A key insight is that positrons behave like electrons move backward in time. James Gleick writes:
This is Richard Feynman nearing the peak of his power. At the age of twenty-three... now there may be no physicist on earth who can match his overwhelming command of the original materials of theoretical science. It was not just a facility in mathematics (although it has become clear... that the mathematical engine that emerged in the Wheeler-Feynman collaboration was beyond Wheeler's own ability). Feynman seems to have a frightening ease with the substance behind the equation, like Einstein at the same age, like Soviet physicist Lev Landau - but some others.
One of the conditions of Feynman's scholarship to Princeton is that he can not marry; but she continues to see her high school lover, Arline Greenbaum, and is determined to marry her once she has been awarded a Ph.D. despite knowing that he was seriously ill with tuberculosis. This is a disease that can not be cured at the time, and he is not expected to live for more than two years. On June 29, 1942, they boarded the ferry to Staten Island, where they were married in the city office. The ceremony was attended by family or friends and witnessed by a pair of strangers. Feynman could only smell Arline on the cheek. After the ceremony, she takes him to Deborah Hospital, where he visits her on weekends.
Manhattan Project
In 1941, with World War II raging in Europe but the United States has not yet fought, Feynman spent the summer working on ballistics problems at Frankford Arsenal in Pennsylvania. After the attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into war, Feynman was recruited by Robert R. Wilson, who was working to produce enriched uranium for use in an atomic bomb, as part of what would become the Manhattan Project. Tim Wilson at Princeton is working on a device called isotron, which is intended to separate electromagnetic uranium-235 from uranium-238. This is done in a very different way from that used by kalutron being developed by a team under Wilson's former adviser, Ernest O. Lawrence, at the University of California Radiation Laboratory. On paper, the isotron was much more efficient than the calutron, but Feynman and Paul Olum struggled to determine whether it was practical or not. Ultimately, on the recommendation of Lawrence, the isotron project was abandoned.
At this point, in early 1943, Robert Oppenheimer founded the Los Alamos Laboratory, a secret lab in mesa in New Mexico where an atomic bomb would be designed and built. An offer was made to the Princeton team to be moved there. "Like a bunch of professional soldiers," Wilson said later, "we signed up, en masse, to go to Los Alamos." Like many other young physicists, Feynman soon fell under a charismatic Oppenheimer spell, who telephoned Feynman away from Chicago to inform him that he had found a sanatorium in Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Arline. They were among the first to leave for New Mexico, departing by train on March 28, 1943. The train provided Arline with a wheelchair, and Feynman paid extra for a private room for him.
At Los Alamos, Feynman was assigned to the Hans (T) Theoretical Division, and Bethe was impressively enough to be the group leader. He and Bethe developed the Bethe-Feynman formula to calculate the fission bomb results, built on earlier work by Robert Serber. As a junior physicist, he is not the center of the project. He runs a computer computing group in the theoretical division. With Stanley Frankel and Nicholas Metropolis, he helped build systems to use IBM-hole cards for calculation. He invented a new method of logarithmic computation which was then used on the Connection Machine. Other work at Los Alamos includes calculating the neutron equation for Los Alamos "Water Boiler", a small nuclear reactor, to measure how closely the assembly of fissile material is critical.
While completing this work, Feynman was sent to the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the Manhattan Project has uranium enrichment facilities. He helps engineers there in designing safety procedures for material storage so that criticality accidents can be avoided, especially when enriched uranium comes into contact with water, which acts as a neutron moderator. He insists on giving the rank and file lectures on nuclear physics so they will realize the danger. He explained that while the amount of uranium that is not enriched can be stored safely, enriched uranium must be handled with care. He developed a series of safety recommendations for various levels of enrichment. He was told that if people in Oak Ridge give him any trouble with his proposal, he should tell them that Los Alamos "can not take responsibility for their safety otherwise".
Returning to Los Alamos, Feynman was assigned the group responsible for the theoretical work and calculations on the proposed uranium hydride bomb, which ultimately proved unfeasible. He was sought by physicist Niels Bohr for a one-on-one discussion. He then found out why: most other physicists were too impressed with Bohr to argue with him. Feynman had no such obstacles, vigorously pointing out whatever he deems flawed in Bohr's thinking. He says he feels very respectful of Bohr like everyone else, but once anyone tells him to talk about physics, he will become so focused that he forgets about social pleasure. Perhaps because of this, Bohr never warmed himself to Feynman.
Due to the most secretive nature of the work, the Los Alamos Laboratory was isolated. Feynman amused himself by investigating the combination locks on cabinets and tables used to secure paper. He finds that people tend to leave their vault open, or leave them in factory settings, or write down combinations, or use a predefined combination like dates. Feynman plays jokes about co-workers. In one case he found a combination to a locked file cabinet by trying the numbers he thought a physicist would use (it proved 27-18-28 after the base of natural logarithms, e = 2.71828...), and found that three filing cabinets where a colleague kept a set of atomic bomb note records all had the same combination. He left a series of notes in the closet as a joke, which initially frightened his partner, Frederic de Hoffmann, by thinking spies or saboteurs had gained access to atomic bomb secrets.
Feynman's salary is $ 380 a month, about half of what he needs to cover simple living expenses and Arline medical bills. The rest comes from his $ 3,300 savings account. On the weekend, Feynman went to Albuquerque to see his ill wife in a car borrowed from his friend Klaus Fuchs. Asked who in Los Alamos is most likely to be a spy, Fuchs speculates that Feynman, with his safe and frequent trip to Albuquerque, is the most likely candidate. When Fuchs claimed to be a spy for the Soviet Union in 1950, this was seen in a different light. The FBI will compile large files in Feynman.
Feynman worked in the computer room when he was told that Arline was dying. He borrowed Fuchs's car and went to Albuquerque where he sat with him for hours until he died on June 16, 1945. He immersed himself in work on the project and was present at the Trinity nuclear test. Feynman claims the only person who saw the explosion without dark glasses or welder's lens, on the grounds that it is safe to see through the windshield of the truck, because it will filter out harmful ultraviolet radiation. As he watched the explosion, Feynman ducked to the floor of his truck due to the enormous brightness of the explosion, where he saw a temporary "purple shadow" after the incident.
Cornell
Feynman nominally held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin-Madison as an assistant professor of physics, but paid unpaid leave during his involvement in the Manhattan Project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham from the College of Letters and Science that asked him to return to university to teach in the upcoming academic year. His appointment was not renewed when he was not committed to return. In a lecture given there a few years later, Feynman quipped, "It's nice to be back at the only university with a good feeling to fire me."
As early as October 30, 1943, Bethe had written to the chair of the physics department of his university, Cornell, to recommend Feynman employed. On February 28, 1944, this was supported by Robert Bacher, also of Cornell, and one of the most senior scientists at Los Alamos. This resulted in a bid made in August 1944, which Feynman received. Oppenheimer also hopes to recruit Feynman to the University of California, but the head of the physics department, Raymond T. Birge, is reluctant. He made Feynman's offer in May 1945, but Feynman refused. Cornell matches the $ 3,900 salary offer per year. Feynman became one of the leaders of the first Los Alamos Laboratory group that set out, leaving for Ithaca, New York, in October 1945.
Since Feynman no longer works at the Los Alamos Laboratory, he is no longer exempt from the draft. At the physical army psychiatrist induction was diagnosed Feynman as suffering from a mental illness, and the Army gave him a 4-F release on a mental basis. His father died suddenly on October 8, 1946, and Feynman suffered from depression. On October 17, 1946, he wrote a letter to Arline, expressing deep love and heartbreak. The letter was sealed and only opened after his death. "Sorry I did not send this," the letter concluded, "but I do not know your new address." Unable to focus on the research problem, Feynman began dealing with physics, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One is to analyze the physics of spinning and spinning discs moving in the air, inspired by the incident in the Cornell cafeteria when someone throws a dinner plate in the air. He read Sir William Rowan Hamilton's work in quaternions, and tried unsuccessfully to use it to formulate the relativistic theory of electrons. His work during this period, using rotational equations to express spinning speeds, eventually proved important for his Nobel Prize winning work, but because he felt burned and turned his attention to a less immediate practical problem, he was surprised by the offer of a professor from a renowned university others, including the Institute for Advanced Study, the University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of California, Berkeley.
Feynman was not the only frustrated theoretical physicist in the early postwar years. Quantum electrodynamics suffers from infinite integrals in the theory of perturbation. This is a clear mathematical drawback in theory, which Feynman and Wheeler did not manage to work around. "Theoreticians," said Murray Gell-Mann, "embarrassing." In June 1947, American physicists met at the Shelter Island Conference. For Feynman, it was "his first major conference with a big man... I've never been to such a thing in peacetime." The problems that interfere with quantum electrodynamics are discussed, but theorists are completely overshadowed by the achievements of experimentalists, who reported the discovery of the sheep shift, the measurement of electron magnetic moment, and Robertson's hypothesis-two Robert Marshak.
Bethe leads from the work of Hans Kramers, and obtains a non-relativistic quantum equation renamed for the Lamb shift. The next step is to make a relativistic version. Feynman thinks he can do this, but when he returns to Bethe with his solution, it does not converge. Feynman carefully worked through the problem again, applying the path integral formulation he used in his thesis. Like Bethe, he makes limited integrals by applying the cut-off terms. The result is in accordance with the Bethe version. Feynman presented his work to his colleagues at the Pocono Conference in 1948. It did not go well. Julian Schwinger gave a long presentation of his work in quantum electrodynamics, and Feynman later offered his version, entitled "Alternative Quantum Electrodynamic Formulations". The unknown Feynman diagram, used for the first time, confuses the audience. Feynman failed to convey his point, and Paul Dirac, Edward Teller, and Niels Bohr all objected.
For Freeman Dyson, one thing at least is clear: Shin'ichir? Tomonaga, Schwinger, and Feynman understand what they are talking about even if nobody does it, but has not published anything yet. He was convinced that Feynman's formulation was easier to understand, and ultimately convinced Oppenheimer that this was the case. Dyson published a paper in 1949, which added a new rule to Feynman telling how to apply renormalization. Feynman was asked to publish his ideas in the Physical Review in a series of papers for three years. His 1948 paper on "Relativistic Cutting for Classical Electrodynamics" sought to explain what he could not find at Pocono. His 1949 paper on "The Theory of Positrons" discusses the Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation, and introduces what is now called Feynman propagator. Finally, in papers on "The Formulation of Quantum Mathematical Theory of Quantum Electromagnetic Interaction" in 1950 and "Calculus Operator Has Application in Quantum Electrodynamics" in 1951, he developed the mathematical basis of his ideas, composed new and familiar formulas.
While papers by others were originally quoted by Schwinger, a paper quoting Feynman and employing Feynman diagrams appeared in 1950, and soon became prevalent. Students learn and use the powerful new tools Feynman creates. The computer program was then written to calculate the Feynman diagram, providing an unprecedented power tool. It is possible to write such a program because the Feynman diagram is a formal language with formal grammar. Marc Kac provides formal evidence of summation under history, suggesting that partial parabolic differential equations can be restated as summations under different histories (ie operator expectations), what is now known as the Feynman-Kac formula, the use of which goes beyond physics to many applications stochastic processes. For Schwinger, however, Feynman's diagram is "pedagogy, not physics."
In 1949, Feynman became restless at Cornell. He never settled in a particular house or apartment, lived in a guest house or student residence, or with married friends "until this arrangement becomes sexually altered." She likes dating college students, hiring prostitutes, and sleeping with friends' wives. He did not like the cold winter weather of Ithaca, and sought a warmer climate. Above all, at Cornell, he was always in the shadow of Hans Bethe. In spite of all this, Feynman turned his back on well at Telluride House, where he lived for the great period of his Cornell career. In an interview, he describes the House as "a group of boys who have been singled out for their scholarship, for their cleverness or whatever, for free board and lodging and so on, because of their brains." He enjoyed the comforts of home and said that "there I did the fundamental work" that he won the Nobel Prize.
Caltech Years
Personal and political life
Feynman spent several weeks in Rio de Janeiro in July 1949. That year, the Soviet Union detonated its first atomic bomb, resulting in an anti-communist hysteria. Fuchs was captured as a Soviet spy in 1950 and the FBI questioned Bethe about Feynman's loyalty. Physicist David Bohm was arrested on December 4, 1950 and emigrated to Brazil in October 1951. A girlfriend told Feynman that he should also consider moving to South America. He had a sabbatical for 1951-52, and chose to spend it in Brazil, where he gave courses at Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas FÃÆ'sicas. In Brazil, Feynman was impressed with music's samba , and learned to play metal percussion instruments,
Feynman did not return to Cornell. Bacher, who has been instrumental in bringing Feynman to Cornell, has lured him to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Part of the deal is that he can spend his first year on sabbatical in Brazil. He has been beaten by Mary Louise Bell from Neodesha, Kansas. They had met at a cafeteria at Cornell, where he had studied Mexican art and textile history. He then follows him to Caltech, where he gives lectures. When he was in Brazil, he taught classes about the history of furniture and interiors at Michigan State University. He proposed to him by letter from Rio de Janeiro, and they married in Boise, Idaho, on June 28, 1952, shortly after he returned. They often quarreled and he was afraid of his rough temperament. Their politics are different; although he signed up and voted as a Republican, he was more conservative, and his opinion about Oppenheimer's 1954 hearing ("Where there is smoke is fire") offends him. They separated on May 20, 1956. The divorce decree was entered on June 19, 1956, on the basis of "extreme cruelty". The divorce became final on 5 May 1958.
After the 1957 Sputnik crisis, US government interest in science increased temporarily. Feynman is considered to sit on the Science Advisory Committee of the President, but not appointed. At this time, the FBI interviewed a woman close to Feynman, possibly Mary Lou, who sent a written statement to J. Edgar Hoover on August 8, 1958:
I do not know - but I believe that Richard Feynman is Communist or very pro-Communist - and like [ sic ] a very definite security risk. This man, in my opinion, a very complex and dangerous person, a very dangerous person to have in a position of public confidence... In the affair of Richard Feynman, I believe very clever - indeed a genius - and he, I believe more, really cruel, not hindered by morals, ethics, or religion - and will not cease altogether to achieve its goals.
But the government sent Feynman to Geneva for the Atoms for Peace Conference in September 1958. On the shores of Lake Geneva, he met Gweneth Howarth, who was from Ripponden, Yorkshire, and worked in Switzerland as au pair. Feynman's love life has been churning since his divorce; her previous boyfriend had left with her Albert Einstein Prize medal and, on the advice of her previous boyfriend, had pretended to conceive and blackmailed her to pay for the abortion, then used the money to buy furniture. When Feynman discovered that Howarth was paid only $ 25 per month, he offered $ 20 per week to become his live-in maid. Feynman knew that this kind of behavior was illegal under Mann Law, so he had a friend, Matthew Sands, acting as his sponsor. Howarth showed that he already had two girlfriends, but decided to take Feynman on his offer, and arrived in Altadena, California, in June 1959. He dated another man, but Feynman proposed in early 1960. They married on September 24, 1960, at Huntington Hotel in Pasadena. They had a son, Carl, in 1962, and adopted a daughter, Michelle, in 1968. In addition to their home in Altadena, they owned a beach house in Baja California, purchased with money from the Nobel Prize Feynman.
Feynman tried marijuana and ketamine in the famous sensory tank John Lilly, as a way of learning consciousness. He stopped drinking alcohol when he started showing signs of vague alcoholism, because he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain. Despite his curiosity about hallucinations, he was reluctant to experiment with LSD.
Physics
At Caltech, Feynman investigated the physics of the superfluid superfluid helium superfluidity, in which helium seems to indicate a lack of viscosity as it flows. Feynman provides an explanation of quantum mechanics for Sovland physics theory Lev Landau on superfluidity. In 1941, Feynman demonstrated that amplitude in quantum theory can be accomplished by the use of path integrals that correspond to the exact weight contribution of all possible histories of a system. Applying the Schrödinger equation to the question indicates that the superfluid displays the behavior of quantum mechanics observed on a macroscopic scale. It helps with the problem of superconductivity, but the solution avoids Feynman. It was solved by BCS superconductivity theory, proposed by John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer in 1957.
With Murray Gell-Mann, Feynman developed a weak decay model, indicating that the current coupling in the process is a combination of vectors and axial currents (weak decay samples are the decay of neutrons into electrons, protons, and antineutrinos). Although E. C. George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak developed this theory almost simultaneously, Feynman's collaboration with Murray Gell-Mann was seen as seminal because of weak interactions neatly illustrated by vectors and axial currents. It thus combines the 1933 decay theory of Enrico Fermi with an explanation of parity violations.
Feynman attempted an explanation, called a parton model, of the powerful interactions that govern the scattering of the nucleons. The parton model appears as a complement to the quark model developed by Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models is turbid; Gell-Mann refers to his mock Feynman party as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping tool for symmetry numbers, not real particles; statistics of omega-minus particles, if interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seem impossible if the quarks are real.
The National Accelerator Laboratory of SLAC, inelastic scattering experiments in the late 1960s showed that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contain point-like particles that propagate electrons. It is natural to identify this with a quark, but Feynman's parton model seeks to interpret experimental data in a way that does not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data show that about 45% of the energy momentum is carried by neutral particles in the nucleons. These electrically neutral particles now look to be the gluons that carry strength between the quarks, and their three-color quantum number is worth solving the omega-minus problem. Feynman does not deny the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that this discovery implies the existence of the sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death.
After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman switched to quantum gravity. By analogy with photons, which have spins 1, it investigates the consequences of a 2 spin field without free mass and derives Einstein's general relativity field equations, but fewer. The computational device that Feynman discovered later for gravity, the "ghosts," whose "particles" on the inside of his diagram have the "wrong" relationship between spin and statistics, have proven invaluable in explaining the behavior of quantum particles from Theory Mills, , quantum chromodynamics and electro-weak theory. He works on the four forces of nature: electromagnetic, weak force, strong force and gravity. John and Mary Gribbin said in their book about Feynman: "No one else has contributed to the investigation of these four interactions."
Partly as a way to bring publicity to progress in physics, Feynman offers a $ 1,000 reward for two challenges in nanotechnology; one claimed by William McLellan and the other by Tom Newman. He was also one of the first scientists to understand the possibility of quantum computers. In 1984-1986, he developed a variational method for calculating the trajectory integral estimates, which has led to a powerful method for converting different perturbation expansions into powerful convergent expansions (variational perturbation theories) and, consequently, for the most accurate determinations of exponents critically measured in satellite experiments.
Pedagogy
In the early 1960s, Feynman approved the request to "tidy up" the teaching of students at Caltech. After three years of dedicating himself to the task, he produced a series of lectures that later became The Feynman Lectures on Physics . He wants a drumhead image sprinkled with powder to show the vibration mode at the beginning of the book. Concerned about the connection to drugs and rock and roll that can be made from the image, the publisher turns the cover into a plain red, even though they include a picture of him playing drums in the preface. Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time writers for several years. Although the books were not adopted by the university as a textbook, the books continued to sell well because they provided a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and various conversations were converted into other books, including the Physical Law Character, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter , Statistical Mechanics , Lecture on Gravity , and Feynman Lectures on Computation .
Feynman writes about his experience teaching physics scholars in Brazil. Student learning habits and Portuguese textbooks are so hollow from context or apps to their information that, in Feynman's opinion, students do not study physics at all. At the end of the year, Feynman was invited to give a talk about his teaching experience, and he agreed to do so, provided he could speak frankly, which he did.
Feynman oppose rote learning or rote memory and other teaching methods that emphasize form over function. Clear thinking and clear presentations are a fundamental prerequisite for her attention. It can be dangerous to even approach him when not ready, and he does not forget the fool or pretend. In 1964, he served on the California State Curriculum Commission, which was responsible for approving textbooks for use by schools in California. He was not impressed with what he found. Many mathematical texts cover the subjects of use only for pure mathematicians as part of "New Mathematics". Elementary students are taught about sets, but:
It might surprise many people who have studied these text books to find the symbol? or? representing union and set intersection and the special use of brackets {} and so on, all the complicated notations for sets given in these books, almost never appear in writings in theoretical physics, in engineering, in business arithmetic, computers design, or any other place where mathematics is used. I see no need or reason for this to be explained or taught in school. This is not a useful way to express yourself. This is not a convincing and simple way. This is claimed to be precise, but appropriate for what purpose?
In April 1966, Feynman delivered a speech to the National Association of Science Teachers, where he suggested how students could be made to think like scientists, open-minded, inquisitive, and especially, to be dubious. In that lecture, he gave the definition of science, which he said came with several stages. The evolution of intelligent life on planet Earth - a cat-like creature that plays and learns from experience. The evolution of man, who came to use language to share knowledge from one individual to the next, so that knowledge is not lost when a person dies. Unfortunately, the wrong knowledge can be derived and also the right knowledge, so another step is required. Galileo and others began to doubt the truth of what was inherited and to investigate ab initio , from experience, what the true situation is - this is science.
In 1974, Feynman delivered the opening speech of Caltech on the topic of the science of cargo sects, which had a scientific resemblance, but only pseudoscience due to the lack of "some kind of scientific integrity, the principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you should not fool yourself - and you are the easiest person to be fooled.So you have to be very careful about it.After you do not fool yourself, it's easy not to fool self-deceiving other scientists.You just have to be honest with the conventional way afterwards. "
Feynman served as a doctoral advisor for 31 students.
Of course you're kidding, Mr. Feynman!
In the 1960s, Feynman began thinking to write autobiographies, and he began giving interviews to historians. In the 1980s, working with Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), he recorded chapters on Ralph's audio recordings. This book was published in 1985 as Surely You're Kidding, Mr. Feynman! and become a best-seller. The publication of the book brings a new wave of protests about Feynman's attitude toward women. There was protest over sexist allegations in 1968, and again in 1972. It did not help that Jenijoy La Belle, who had been hired as Caltech's first female professor in 1969, was rejected in 1974. She filed a lawsuit with Work Equity Commission Opportunities , who voted against Caltech in 1977, adding that he had been paid less than male counterparts. La Belle finally accepted his tenure in 1979. Many of Feynman's colleagues were surprised that he was on his side. She must know La Belle and both love and admire her.
Gell-Mann was annoyed by Feynman's account in a weak interaction workbook, and threatened to sue for, produce corrections inserted in subsequent editions. This incident is just the latest provocation in decades of bad feelings between two scientists. Gell-Mann often expressed frustration over the attention Feynman received; he said: "[Feynman] is a great scientist, but he spends a lot of his efforts on producing anecdotes about himself." He noted that Feynman's eccentricity included a refusal to brush his teeth, which he advised others not to do on national television, even though the dentist showed him a scientific study supporting the exercise.
Challenger disaster
Feynman plays an important role on the President Rogers Commission, which investigates the Challenger disaster. During a televised hearing, Feynman points out that the material used in the space shuttle O-ring becomes less resilient in cold weather by compressing material samples in clamps and soaking them in cold water. The commission finally determined that the disaster was caused by a primary O-ring that was not sealed properly in the very cold weather of Cape Canaveral.
Feynman devotes the last half of his book What Do You Care What Others Think? on his experience at the Rogers Commission, deviating from his usual conventions, light and light anecdotes to convey long, conscious messages. story. Feynman's account revealed a disconnect between the engineers and NASA executives that were far more striking than he had expected. Her interview with NASA high-level managers revealed a surprising misconception of basic concepts. For example, NASA managers claim that there are 1 in 100,000 possible catastrophic failures on the plane, but Feynman found that NASA's own engineers estimated the probability of a disaster closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that NASA's management estimates of the reliability of the spacecraft were unrealistic, very angry that NASA used it to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Master-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission report (which was inserted only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, because nature can not be fooled."
Recognition and awards
The first public recognition of Feynman's work came in 1954, when Lewis Strauss, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) informed him that he had won the $ 15,000 Albert Einstein Award and came up with a gold medal. Because of Strauss's actions in releasing Oppenheimer from his security clearance, Feynman was reluctant to accept the award, but Isidac Isaac Rabi warned him: "You should never change a person's generosity as a sword against him.Each virtue a man has, even if he has many bad qualities, should not be used as a tool against him. "Followed by the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award from the AEC in 1962. Schwinger, Tomonaga and Feynman shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with profound consequences for elementary particle physics. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1965, receiving the Oersted Medal in 1972, and the National Medal of Science in 1979. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences, but eventually resigned and was no longer listed by them.
Death
In 1978, Feynman sought medical treatment for abdominal pain and was diagnosed with liposarcoma, a rare form of cancer. The surgeon removed a tumor the size of a ball that had destroyed one kidney and spleen. Further surgery was performed in October 1986 and October 1987. He was again admitted to hospital at UCLA Medical Center in February Ã, 3, 1988. Rupture of duodenal ulcer caused by renal failure, and he refused to undergoing dialysis that may prolong his life for several months. Watched by his wife, Gweneth, Joan's sister, and cousin Frances Lewine, she died in February 15th, 1988.
When Feynman approached the death, he asked Danny Hillis why he was so sad. Hillis replied that she thought Feynman would die soon. Feynman says that this sometimes annoys him as well, adding, when you become as old as him, and has told so many stories to many, even when he dies he will not really disappear.
Toward the end of his life, Feynman attempted to visit ASSR Tuvan in Russia, a dream foiled by Cold War bureaucratic issues - a letter from the Soviet government that authorized the journey was not accepted until the day after he died. Her daughter Michelle then travels. His funeral was done at Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum at Altadena. His last words were: "I hate to die twice, so boring."
Popular inheritance
The aspects of Feynman's life have been described in various media. Feynman was played by Matthew Broderick in the 1996 biography of Infinity . Actor Alan Alda commissioned playwright Peter Parnell to write a two-character drama about a fictitious day in Feynman's life set two years before Feynman's death. The drama, QED , was shown at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles in 2001 and later presented at the Vivian Beaumont Theater on Broadway, with both presentations starring Alda as Richard Feynman. Real Time Opera aired its opera Feynman at the Norfolk Chamber Music Festival in June 2005. In 2011, Feynman was the subject of a graphic novel biography entitled Feynman, written by Jim Ottaviani and illustrated by Leland Myrick. In 2013, Feynman's role in the Rogers Commission was dramatized by the BBC in The Challenger (US title:
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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