In the field of photographic imaging, photo mosaics , also known as Photomosaic , portmanteau photos and mosaics, are images (usually photos) that have been divided into lined sections same), each of which is replaced with another photo that matches the target photo. When viewed at low magnification, individual pixels appear as the main image, while close examination reveals that the actual image consists of hundreds or thousands of smaller images. Most of the time they are the kind of montage made by computers.
There are two types of mosaics, depending on how the matching is done. In a simpler type, each part of the target image is averaged into a single color. Each library image is also scaled down into one color. Each part of the target image is then replaced by one of the libraries where these colors are as close as possible. As a result, the target image is reduced in resolution (with downsampling), and then each resulting pixel is replaced with an image whose average color matches that pixel.
In a more sophisticated type of photographic mosaic, the target image is not down-sampled, and matching is done by comparing each pixel in a rectangle with the corresponding pixels of each bibliographic image. The rectangle in the target is then replaced by a library image that minimizes the total difference. This requires more calculations than simple types, but the results can be much better because pixel-by-pixel matches can maintain the resolution of the target image.
Initially, the term photomosaic refers to compound photographs created by bringing together a series of adjacent images of a scene. Space scientists have been collecting this kind of mosaic at least since the start of the Soviet Union space mission to the moon in the late 1950s. The photomosaic name and implementation concept are trademarks by Robert Silvers' Runaway Technology, Inc.
Video Photographic mosaic
History
1993 Joseph Francis, working for R/Greenberg Associates in Manhattan, is believed to be the inventor of the color image of a modern computer produced. Poster Live from Bell Labs was created in 1993 using a computer-themed tile photo to create a face mosaic (Ryszard Horowitz/Photography and Art Direction, Robert Bowen/Digital Artist). He went on to create a mosaic for Animation Magazine in 1993, which was repeated at Wired Magazine (November 1994, p.Ã, 106). Francis said on the "History of Photo Mosaic" web page he was interested in developing these techniques further partly stimulated by the artist's work of Chuck Close.- 1994 Adam Finkelstein and Sandy Farrier made a mosaic of John F. Kennedy from several parts of Marilyn Monroe's image. The results are displayed in the Xerox PARC Algorithmic Art Show in 1994.
- 1994 Benetton: AIDS - The mosaic face. More than a thousand portraits of young people from all computer-processed words outlining the word AIDS. The Gioconda Sapiens , face with ten thousand faces, was presented to the public in April 1995 (Spain, Domus museum). This is the first large photo mosaic, using photo 10,062 people from 110 countries to create Mona Lisa . Adam Finkelstein (mosaic published in Lumut Lumut) creates a mosaic of American Gothic oil paintings from images collected from the Web in early 1995. 1995
- 1995 Robert Silvers created an algorithm to create Photomosaic programmatically and proceed to the trademark of the Photomosaic term and patented the process for the creation of Photomosaics in 1997.
Maps Photographic mosaic
Artistic aspect
There is a debate about whether Photomosaics is a mere art or technique. Photomosaic production is sometimes parallelized and compared to other forms of artistic appropriation, such as literary collections.
Artists such as David Hockney, Christopher Kates, and Pep Ventosa have pioneered their own photographic mosaic techniques in which many photos are taken from a scene and then reunited to create a cohesive image.
Trademarks and intellectual property rights of the concept
Robert Silvers, a Master's student at MIT, filed a trademark on the term "Photomosaic" on September 3, 1996. The trademark was registered on August 12, 2003.
Silvers also applies to US patents on the production of Photomosaics on January 2, 1997, which is given as US 6137498 in October 2000 and was assigned to Runaway Technology , Inc. Patent applications in other countries are also filed, and the patents granted include EP 0852363 Ã, , JP 10269353 , CA 2226059 , and AU 723815B Ã, He was quoted as saying:" With the grant of this patent in the United States and other countries, we can protect our proprietary innovations and continue to create unique artworks. "In September 2008, the Public Patent Foundation filed an official request with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to review a particular claim within US 6137498 Ã, on photomosaics The request was given and a re-examination process took place On August 31, 2010, the USPTO issued a Certificate of Re-Checking confirming the patent of all claims in the patent which is altered to refer to form matching (features that contribute to high-resolution photomosiics).
There are a number of other commercial companies that make mosaics with photos. As there is no litigation on these patents, these companies should either use processes that do not violate a particular claim process, have licenses under patents, or infringe on those patents but Runaway Technology has chosen not to bring infringement proceedings.
Silvers' patents can be considered a software patent, a subject in which there is much debate. For example, Article 52 (2) (c) the EPC states that "a program for such a computer" is not considered a patented invention. However, current practice relating to computer-implemented invention under EPC means that processes that provide technical effects can be patented even if implemented by a computer.
English patents are from EP 0852363 Ã, became the subject of the revocation process in July 2006. In September 2009, the British Intellectual Property Office (UK- IPO) decides that the patent should not be revoked and terminated. This decision was made by UKIPO and not the European Patent Office (EPO) which was originally granted a patent because there was no opposition to the European patent filed in the post-grant period of nine months.
Video mosaic
Photographic mosaics are usually formed from a collection of still images. A newer phenomenon, however, has video mosaics that assemble video clips rather than still images to create larger images. The closing credits of the PlayStation 2 2005 game God of War , for example, combine a still image of the main character, Kratos, which is formed from a number of in-game videos.
The term "video mosaic" also depicts large still images created from adjacent video frames, such as video images of geographic features such as roads or cities. The mosaic of the relevant frame on the video replaces the full video, saving time and bandwidth, since the image is much smaller.
See also
- ASCII Art
- Impressionist mosaic
- Mikrography
- Mozimedia mosaic logo
Note
References
- Cartwright, Angela (2007) Emulsion Mix: Art Technique Changed for Photographic Imagery
- Francis, Joseph Mosaic Photo History
- Menke, Richard (2008) Telegraphic Realism: Victorian Fiction and other information systems
- Silvers, Robert (2000) Photomosaic Portrait
- Brief History PhotoTiled includes the example of Dave McKean's 1994 Dave Comic mosaic photography mosaic.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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