The Luo (also called Joluo or Jonagi / Onagi , single Jaluo , < b> Jaonagi or Joramogi / Nyikwaramogi , meaning "Ramogi heir") are ethnic groups in western Kenya, northern Uganda, and the Mara Region in Tanzania north. They are part of a large ethnic-linguistic group of Luo tribes living in regions ranging from Southern Sudan, South-West Ethiopia, Northern and Eastern Uganda, South-Western Kenya, and Northeast Tanzania.
Luo is the fourth largest ethnic group (11%) in Kenya, after Kikuyu (18%), Luhya (14%) and Kalenjin (12%). The Luo and Kikuyu inherited most of the political forces in the first years after Kenya's independence in 1963. Luo's population in Kenya was estimated at 2,185,000 in 1994 and 3.4 million in 2010 according to the Government census. But the figure is disputed by many Luos because it is unscientific because most of the people previously regarded as Luo are now counted as Suba people (from Kenya and Tanzania). Subas eventually amounted to 300,000 but most of it is Luos who is wholly assimilated by culture, name, language, and political orientation and has more or less the same view of life. This is the result of marriage and heavy interaction. The Luos also feel that their overall population has always been downscaled by Kenya's successive regime census in an effort to silence Luo's powerful political voice. The sample census conducted by experts estimates the total population of Luo Kenya is currently around 5 million. The population of Luo Tanzania is estimated to be 1.1 million in 2001 and 1.9 million in 2010.
Luo's main livelihoods are fishing, farming and pastoral care. Outside Luoland, Luo is an important part of East African intellectual and skilled workforce in various professions. Other members work in eastern Africa as tenant fishermen, small-scale farmers, and urban workers.
They speak the Dholuo language, which belongs to the Nile-Western Sahara branch of the Nilo-Sahara language family spoken by other Luo-speaking people, such as Lango, Acholi, Adhola and Flow (all of Uganda and parts of Southern Sudan and Eastern Congo). The four waves of Luo migration mainly come from four Luo-speaking groups (Lwoo), mainly Acholi and Padhola. Dholuo, pronounced in Kenya, is regarded as the proper and standard Luo because it contains elements from all other Lwoo languages. It is estimated that Dholuo has 90% lexical similarity with Lep Flow (Groove language); 83% with Lep Achol (Acholi language); 81% with Lango language, 93% with Dhopadhola (Padhola), 74% with Anuak, and 69% with Jurchol (Luwo) and Dhi-Pari (Pari).
Luo is the originator of a number of musical styles, such as Benga, Ohangla, Dodo, Nyatiti, Orutu, and Otenga.
Video Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania
History
Luo from Kenya and Tanzania despite being associated with other Luo groups linguistically, they are classified as the only lakes of the Nilote River They are from Bahr al Gazzal in Sudan and are probably the first inhabitants of Sudan. They are also the founders of the Shilluk kingdom and the ancient Egyptians who are directly linked to the Shilluk Empire In Bahr all Gazzal, in the land of Shilluk they are called Ororo, while among Dinka and Nuer they are called Liel
Pre-colonial time
Kenya Luo currently has traditionally composed of 27 tribes, each in turn composed of various clans and sub-clans ("Jo-" shows "people").
Colonial time
Initial English contact with Luo is indirect and sporadic. The relationship intensified only when the completion of the Uganda Railway confirmed British intentions and largely eliminated the need for local alliances. In 1896 a punishment expedition was installed to support the ruler of Wanga Mumia in Ugenya against the Umira Kager clan led by Gero. More than 200 were killed quickly by the Maxim gun. 300 people in Uyoma prisoners were killed by an expedition led by Sir Charles Horbley (Bwana Obila Muruayi) when they confiscated Luo's cattle to help feed the coolies who built the Ugandan railways.
In 1900, the head of Luo Odera provided 1,500 porters for the British expedition against Nandi.
In 1915, the Colonial Government sent Odera Akang'o , ruoth Permata, to Kampala, Uganda. He was impressed by the British settlement there and after returning home he began the process of forcibly adopting western style "schooling, clothing and cleanliness". It produces a quick education of Luo in English and the English way.
Luo is generally not seized by the British, avoiding the fate of the pastoral ethnic groups inhabiting the Kenyan "White Plateau". Much of Luo played an important role in Kenya's struggle for independence, but the people were relatively uninvolved in the Mau Mau Rebellion in the 1950s. On the contrary, some Luo use their education to advance the cause of independence peacefully. Lawyer C.M.G. Argwings-Kodhek, for example, uses his expertise to defend the Mau Mau suspects in court, although they not only attack white people, but also people from other ethnic groups.
Kenya Independent
Kenya became independent on December 12, 1963, Luo's eminent leader, Oginga Odinga, rejected the presidency of Kenya, preferring to take the position of vice president with Jomo Kenyatta as head of government. Their administration represents the Kenya African National Union (KANU) party. However, the distinction with Jomo Kenyatta caused Oginga to defect from the party and leave the post of vice president in 1966. His departure caused Luo to be politically marginalized under Kenyatta and then Moi's government.
In Tanzania, Mwalimu J.K. Nyerere personally seeks to work with Hellon Ang'iela Owino from Shirati, Tanzania, as a trusted and passionate political assistant, who is never ashamed to speak fluently whenever needed. Mr. Owino was famous among the front-seat politicians who exchanged hands with Oscar Kambona and Bhoke Munanka, whom he claimed to have betrayed Nyerere behind his agreed official prayers. Owino (1930 - 1988) is often sent many times by Nyerere (via Jaramogi Oginga A. Odinga) to improve relations with Kenya and especially those who convey information (from Oginga, which is Africa's strategic security hub so it can calm down their bad relations caused by war Mau Mau.
Years of marginalization and disaster economic management in Kenya, especially under the administration of the KANU party of the nascent country, have tragic consequences for the people of Kenya. despite the economic potential near Lake Victoria. Kenya continues to struggle with poverty and AIDS today.
More than 1,000 people were killed in Kenyan electoral violence between Kikuyu, Luo and several other ethnic groups following controversial presidential elections in December 2007.
Luo's most prominent politicians today are Raila Odinga, son of Oginga Odinga and former Prime Minister of the republic of Kenya. He is widely credited with allowing Mwai Kibaki to win the 2002 presidential election through the support of the Liberal Democrats. Other prominent politicians include James Orengo, Professor Anyang 'Nyong'o whose daughter Lupita Nyong'o is a leading Hollywood actress who has won the Academy Awards and BET Awards, Peter Oloo-Aringo, Dalmas Otieno, Peter Ombija among others. Dr PLO Lumumba who is a former director of the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission is also a Luo. Luo's leading doctors and scientists included the late Prof. David Peter Simon Wasawo, the first science professor in East and Central Africa and the first black black Africans to study and teach science courses at Makerere University, the Renown philosopher - Prof. Henry Odera OrukaDr. Joseph Aluoch a chest doctor, Professor Walter Jaoko, Tropical Disease Specialist and prominent HIV researcher, Professor George Magoha, consultant urologist and former Vice Rector of the University of Nairobi and Dr. Job Bodo, an orthopedic surgeon, Brian Jaoko Odongo, a leading environmental scientist, among others.
Another prominent member is Barack Obama Sr., whose son, Barack Obama II, is the 44th President of the United States.
Maps Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania
Cultures and customs
Rite of passage
Traditionally, Luos has moved six lower teeth. The practice has fallen largely unused with Luo's cultural evolution.
Cuisine
One of their favorite foods includes fish, especially tilapia, usually accompanied by ugali (called kuon in Dholuo) and vegetables. Many of the vegetables eaten by Luo were distributed after years of hanging out with their Bantu neighbors, Abaluhya and Abagusii. The traditional Luo diet consists of a squash made from sorghum or millet accompanied by fish, meat, or vegetable stew.
Religious habits
Like many ethnic communities in Uganda, including Langi, Acholi, and Groove, Luo does not practice male circumcision rituals as initiation.
In 1907, Johanna Owalo formed the first African independent church in Kenya called Nomiya or "mission given to me". The Nomiya Church is a mixture of Christianity, Islam and traditional African religious doctrine. The Church practiced circumcision for boys at the age of 8 days and they pray facing north. The Church currently has 800,000 followers in the Nyanza region. Other local churches include Legion of Mary, Roho and Fweny among others.
Wedding habits
Historically, couples were introduced to each other by matchmakers, but this is not common now. Like many other communities in Kenya, Luo's marriage practices have changed and some people are moving away from the traditional way of doing things. Luo often marries outside of their ethnic group. The traditional wedding ceremony takes place in two parts, both of which involve the payment of the bridal price by the groom. The first ceremony, Ayie, involves the payment of money to the bride's mother; the second stage involves giving the cow to his father. Often these two steps are done at the same time, and, since many modern Luo are Christians, church ceremonies often follow.
Music
Traditionally, music is the most widely practiced art in the Luo community. Anytime day or night, music will be created. Music is not played for its own sake. Music works, used for ceremonial, religious, political or incidental purposes. The music performed during the funeral ( Tero rush ), to praise the dead, to entertain the bereaved, to keep people awake at night, and to express pain and suffering. It is also used during cleansing and exorcising spirits. Music is also played during ceremonies such as beer feasts (Dudu, ohangla dance ), welcomes fighters from war, during wrestling matches ( Olengo ), during courtship, etc. there is. This is done both during communal work such as building, weeding, etc. and individual work such as pounding cereal, or winnowing. Music is also used for ritual purposes such as casting out evil spirits (orangwawa) , who visit villages at night, in making rain, and during forecast and healing.
Luo's music is shaped by the total lifestyle, lifestyle, and lifestyle of individuals of this community. Music, therefore, has characteristics that distinguish it from other communities. It can be seen, heard, and felt in melody, rhythm, way of presentation and style of dancing, movement, and formation.
Melody in Luo lyrical music, with many vocal ornaments. These ornaments come out clearly, especially when the music carries an important message. Their rhythm is characterized by much syncopation and early acrusic. These songs are usually presented in solo-response style, although some of them are solo performances. The most common form of solo performances is singing. This song is a repetition of irregular rhythms and phrases, which carry serious messages. Most of the dances of Luo are introduced by this singing. One example is dudu dance.
Another unique characteristic in Luo's music is the introduction of other songs in the middle of musical performances. The singing stopped, the tone of the musical instruments decreased and the dance became less powerful when an individual taking the show was his own compliment. This is referred to as Pakruok . There is also a unique type of ululation, Sigalagala , which marks the climax of the music show. Sigalagala is mainly done by women.
The dance style in Luo folk music is elegant and elegant. They involve the movement of one foot in the opposite direction of the waist in the step with the rhythm of the music syncopating or shaking the shoulders energetically, usually to the tone of nyatiti, the eight stringed instrument.
Adamson (1967) commented that Luos who was dressed in their traditional costume and jewelry deserved a reputation as the most beautiful person in Kenya. During most of their performances, Luo wore costumes and decorated themselves not only to look beautiful but also to improve their movements. This costume includes a sisal skirt ( owalo ), beads ( owalo/tigo ) worn around the neck and waist , and red or white clay worn by women. Men's costumes include kuodi or chieno , skins worn from the shoulders or from their waist to cover them nudity , Ligisa , headgear, shield and spear, reed cap, and club, among others. All these costumes and ornaments are made from locally available materials.
The Luo is also rich in musical instruments ranging from percussion (drums, clappers, metal rings, shang, or shakers), strings (for example, < b> nyatiti , a kind of harp, orutu , a violin), wind ( tung (instrument) | tung ' horns, Asili , flute, A bu -! , for trumpet type certain).
Currently Luo is associated with the style of music benga . It is a lifestyle where songs in Dholuo, Swahili, or English are sung for live guitar riffs. It dates from the 1950s with Luo musicians who try to match their traditional dance rhythms with western instruments. The guitar (acoustic, then electric) replaces nyatiti as a string instrument. Benga has become so popular that it is played by musicians of all ethnicities and is no longer considered a pure Luo style. It has become a typical Kenyan pop sound.
Singer Luo and gamelan actor Ayub Ogada received wide exposure in 2005 when two of his songs were featured in an Academy Award nomination-nominated Alberto Iglesias for the adaptation of Fernando Mereilles from The Constant Gardener.
Other hebat Luo Musik di berbagai genre Apakah Suzanna Owiyo, Daniel Owino Mi Siani, Amolo Kong'o, Omore Omore Ogwang ', Ogoya Nengo, Olith Prime, Hellen-Akoth Artist, Achieng' Abura, Iddi Achieng ', Hellon, Dan Chizi Aceda, Ricky Oyaro, Jupiter Acal, Radikol - Kevin Okullo, Big Pin, George Ramogi, Collella Mazee, Moses Juma, John Junior, Osogo Winyo, Tony Nyadundo, Jack Nyadundo, Nina Ogot, Steve Nyabwa, Osito Kalle, Odongo member, Pocket Presha, Shirati Band Jazz, Dolla Kabarry, Ochieng 'Kabaselleh, band South Internasional, Onyi Papa Jey, Ps Davies, Celebrities, Omlo K'Odingo (Lady Maureen), Isaac Gem, Pet Menus, Juma fee, dan Gabriel Omolo (Omolo Gaby).
In short, the style of music with the origin of Luo or domination is Benga, Ohangla, Dudu, Nyatiti, Otenga, Afro-Fusion, Afro-house, Afro-jazz, Kenya Gospel, Genge etc.
"When the time of inheritance comes, the ideology of seniority is honored: the eldest son receives the greatest part, followed in the order of seniority.If it is the land to be divided, for example, the land of the old man's house, the older boy gets the middle, which the second is land to the right side of the homestead, and the third son takes the land on the left.after the death of the father, the senior son takes over the leadership responsibilities, if considered in the genealogy, are people of the same grandfather, and known in Dholuo as Jokakwaro They share a sacrifice under the leadership of a senior brother. If you die the next brother in seniority takes the senior sibling's leadership.The responsibility and position of leadership prestige is that it puts a person into a prime position in harvesting, cultivating, and consuming certain parts of the animal killed, usually the best parts, enior brothers, who lead in groups, who can t have fishing boats first. Because he is the one who will communicate with their father's or grandfather's ancestors, he will lead or lead religious sacrifices from the boat, as we have discussed earlier. [...] The father's land allocation system while he is still alive is important because it will coincide with the land inheritance system. The principle of land sharing in the monogamous family is rather simple and straightforward. [...] The senior son takes the center of all homestead land to and outside the gate or into the buffer zone; the second son then has the rest of the land to share with the other brothers. If the land is divided among the eldest sons after they marry, and live in their land, it is often the case that a youngest son remains in the father's village to care for him in his old age. His legacy is the last property, called Mondo and the gardens left from his mother. [...] In the case of a polygamy village, the land is split along the same lines, except that within the village, the sons claim the area is adjacent to their mother's house. Every wife and children are considered as if the group formed is the son of a single woman. I mean, the children of the senior wife, Mikayi, are given a share of the total area that can be given to senior sons. in a monogamous family. The sons of Nyachira, the second wife, and the sons of Reru, the third wife, claim the parts that will fall to Mikayi's second and third son in the monogamous village. "
Paul Hebinck and Nelson Mango explain in detail the family and heritage systems of Luo in their article "Land Rights and Inherent: Analysis of land conflicts in Luoland, Western Kenya." Parker MacDonald Shipton also writes extensively on kinship, family and inheritance among Luo in his book "Mortgaging the Ancestors: Ideology of Attachment in Africa":
"Outside the cage, or (where there are no additional enclosures) outside and in front of the houses, Luo people have liked the layout of the field which in some ways reflects the placement of the house inside.The following pattern, as described in Gordon Wilson from the 1950s, is still visible in our day - not only in the sketches of informants about their ideals but also in the allocation of real land where space has permitted the following suit.If there is more than one son in a monogamous guesthouse, the oldest take the ground in front of or to the right of the entrance, and the second son takes the land on the left.The third receives the land to the right and the middle again, but farther from the father's father's house.The fourth child, if any, goes to the left but further of the paternal homestead rather than the second.then the children alternate right and left, while the eldest son may thus receive a greater share than the younger, ermuda takes over the private garden (mondo) kept by the father for his own use - as if it were a gift of entertainment ".
src: dvqlxo2m2q99q.cloudfront.net
See also
- Legion of Mary, a large religious group from Luoland
- Arthur Carscallen, the superintendent of the Seventh-day Adventist Mission in Eastern England Africa from 1906-1921, he compiled and published the first Dholuo dictionary and dictionary.
src: cdn.mpasho.co.ke
References
src: www.fashionghana.com
Recommended reads
- Herbich, Ingrid. "The Luo." In the Encyclopedia of World Cultural Supplements , C. Ember, M. Ember and I. Skoggard (eds.), P. 189-194. New York: References Macmillan, 2002
- Ogot, Bethwell A., South Luo History: Volume I, Migration and Settlement, 1500-1900 , (Series: East African People ), Eastern African Publishing House , Nairobi, 1967
- Senogazake, George, Kenyan People's Music , ISBNÃ, 9966-855-56-4
- Godfrey Mwakikagile, Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria , Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Huntington, New York, 2001; Godfrey Mwakikagile, Kenya: One Nation's Identity , New Africa Press, Pretoria, South Africa, 2008.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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