A flat roof is a roof that almost contrasts with various types of sloping roofs. The slope of the roof is well known because its flat and flat roof has about 10 Â °. Flat roof is an ancient form that is widely used in dry climates and allows roof space to be used as living space or living roof. Flat roofs, or "low slope" roofs, are also common in commercial buildings around the world. The National Roofing Contractors Association defines a low-slope roof having a 3-in-12 or less slope.
Video Flat roof
Atap datar
Flat roofs exist throughout the world and each region has its own tradition or preferences for the materials used. In warmer climates, where fewer precipitation and freezing are impossible, many flat roofs are only constructed of masonry or concrete and this is good for keeping the sun's heat and cheap and easy to build where wood is not available. In areas where the roof can become saturated by rain and leak, or where water soaked into bricks may freeze into ice and thus cause 'blowing' (breaking of mortar/wall/concrete by ice expansion at the time of formation) roofs this does not match. Flat roof is characteristic of Egyptian, Persian, and Arabic style architecture.
Maps Flat roof
Construction methods
Any sheet of material used to cover flat or low-pitched roofs is usually known as a membrane and the main purpose of this membrane is to hold water in the roof area. Materials that cover flat roofs usually allow water to flow from a slight slope or camber to a sewer system. Water from some flat roofs like in garden sheds sometimes flows freely from the edge of the roof, although the gutter system is advantageous to keep the walls and foundations dry. The gutters on the smaller roof often bring water directly to the ground, or better, into a specially made soakaway. The gutters on the bigger roofs usually carry water into the rainwater drainage system in the built area. Sometimes, however, flat roofs are designed to collect water in ponds, usually for aesthetic purposes, or for rainwater buffers.
Traditionally the most flat roof in the western world uses tar or asphalt more noticeably paper applied over the roof to maintain waterproof. The perceived paper is in turn covered with an asphalt or tar layer and then gravel to keep the sun's heat, UV rays and weather from it and help protect it from cracking or blistering and degradation. The roof decking is usually from plywood boards, chipboard boards or OSB (OSB = Oriented Strandboard, also known as Sterling boards) about 18mm thickness, steel or concrete. Asphalt packing is applied in two or more layers (usually 3 or 4) as a hot liquid, heated in a kettle. The flooded asphalt layer is applied over the gravel and the pebbles are embedded in hot asphalt.
The main reason for this traditional roof failure is ignorance or lack of maintenance where people or events cause pebbles to be removed or removed from the roof membranes, usually called the roof being built, exposing it to the weather and the sun. Cracking and blistering occur and eventually water in.
Root roofs are usually 'paper' or fiber material impregnated in asphalt. Because pebbles can not protect the surface of the landing where they rise vertically from the roof as in the parapet or upstands walls, the felts are usually lined with asphalt and protected by sheet metal flashing.
In some micro-climates or shaded areas, this somewhat 'basic' roof can withstand well in relation to material purchase costs and laying costs, but the cost of modern membranes such as EPDM has dropped over the last few years to make it more and better. more affordable. Now there are companies that provide a modern alternative.
If a leak occurs on a flat roof, damage is often overlooked for long periods of time as water seeps and wets the decking and insulation and/or underlying structures. This can cause costly damage from frequent decay and if left unchecked can weaken the roof structure. There are health risks for people and animals that inhale fungal spores: the severity of these health risks remains a moot point. While the insulation is wet, the value of "R" is essentially destroyed. If dealing with organic isolation, the most common solution is to remove and replace damaged areas. If the problem is detected early enough, the insulation can be saved by fixing the leak, but if it has developed to create a concave area, it may be too late.
One problem with maintaining a flat roof is that if water does not penetrate the protective layer (be it traditional or modern membranes), it can travel long before it causes visible damage or leaks into the building where it can be seen. So it's not easy to find the source of the leak to fix it. Once the underlying roof layer is soaked, it often sags, creating more space for water to accumulate and further worsening the problem.
Another common reason for flat roof failure is the lack of maintenance of ducts where gravel, leaves and debris block waterways (be they spigots, drains, downpipes or gutters). This causes water pressure (the deeper the water, the greater the pressure) that can force more water into the smallest hole or crack. In cold climates, stagnant water may freeze, breaking the roof surface as ice expands. It is therefore important to keep your flat roof to avoid excessive repairs.
An important consideration in the quality of flat roofs is knowing that the general term 'tar' applies to somewhat different products: tar or pitch (derived from wood resin), coal tar, asphalt and bitumen. Some of these products appear to have been exchanged for use and sometimes used improperly, because each has different characteristics, such as whether the product can seep into the wood, its anti-fungal properties and its reaction to exposure to sunlight, weather, and the temperature varies.
Modern flat roofs can use large factory-made sheets such as EPDM synthetic rubber, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), TPO (thermoplastic polyolefins), etc. Although usually of high quality, the one-piece membrane is called a single layer that is used today in many commercial buildings. The widely available modified bitumen bits of the width of one meter are bonded together in a process of hot or cold bonding during the mounting process, where the skills of work and training play a major role in determining the quality of roof protection achieved. The reasons for not using a one-piece membrane include practicality and cost: on all the smallest roofs but may be difficult to lift large and heavy membranes (crane or lift required) and if there is no wind at all it can be difficult to control and tie the membranes smoothly and precisely into roof.
The details of this system also play a role in the success or failure: On some systems, ready-made details (such as internal and external corners, flashing roof pipes, cables or flashlights, etc.) are available from the membrane manufacturer and can be well bonded to the main sheet, while with materials such as tar paper is usually not so - the builders have to build these shapes in place. Success depends on their level of skill, enthusiasm, and training - the results can vary greatly.
Metals are also used for flat roofs: lead (welded or folded-stitch), tin (folded, soldered or folded unidirectional) or copper. This is often an expensive and vulnerable option stolen and sold as scrap metal.
Flat roofs tend to be sensitive to human traffic. Anything that produces cracks or punctures in the impermeable membrane can cause leakage. A flat roof can fail, for example; when the next job is done on the roof, when the service pipe/cable through the new roof is installed or when installation such as air conditioning unit is installed. A good roof should be called to ensure that the roof is left well waterproofed before being abandoned. In trafficked areas, appropriate warning/warning signs should be prepared and roads from woven rubber, wood or duck-up plastic etc. should be installed to protect the roofing membrane. On some membranes, even paving stones or concrete can be mounted. For a one-time job, old carpets or fine wooden boards for walking or standing workers will usually provide reasonable protection.
Traditionally the smelly, hot, physically demanding and sometimes dangerous job of flat roofs often means that uneducated builders of dubious reputation have done a job of poor standards: This along with the lack of examination and care regularly means that flat roofs have a bad reputation and there is a reluctance to maintain or build them, which is unfortunate, given the potential usefulness of the flat plane, especially with the perfect performance of modern membranes, many of which come with long warranties and provide very roof coverings good.
Modernist architecture often views flat roofs as living rooms. The theoretical work of Le Corbusier, especially Vers une Architecture, and the influential Villa Savoye and UnitÃÆ' Â © d'Habitation clearly feature a rooftop terrace. That said, Villa Savoye's roof was starting to leak as soon as the Savoyes moved away. Le Corbusier only narrowly avoids lawsuits from the family as they must flee from the country as the French surrender to the German Army in World War II.
The development of flat roof
Shielded membrane roof
The protected roof of the membrane is the roof where the thermal insulation or other material is located on the waterproofing membrane. Modern green roof is a protected type of roofing membrane. This development has been made possible by the creation of waterproofing membrane materials that are tolerant to load and the creation of thermal insulation that is not easily damaged by water. Often, rigid panels made of extruded polystyrene are used in PMR construction. The main benefit of PMR roof design is that the cover protects the waterproofing membrane from thermal shock, ultraviolet light and mechanical damage. One potential drawback of protected roofing membrane construction is the need for structural strength to support heavy ballasts that prevent wind from moving rigid foam panels or plant weight and growth media for green roofs. However, when flat roofs are built in temperate climates, the need to support snow loads makes additional structural strength a common consideration in any case.
The protected membrane roof is sometimes referred to in the roofing industry as an "IRMA" roof, for "Inverted Roof Membrane Assembly". "IRMA" as a roof term is a generic trademark. Initially, "IRMA" is a registered trademark of Dow Chemical Company and stands for "Insulated Roof Membrane Assembly" and refers to a PMR roof assembled using the Dow polystyrene extrusion insulation brand.
Green roof
Grass or lawn roofs have existed since the Viking era if not much earlier and make the roof coverings are decorative and durable. Green roofs have been created by storing topsoil or other growth media on flat roofs and sowing them (or allowing them to seed themselves as nature takes its course). Maintenance in the form of simple sight inspection and the removal of larger rooting plants have enabled this roof to be a success as they provide excellent cover and UV light barrier for waterproofing roof membranes. With some systems, the manufacturer requires that the root barrier membrane be placed on top of the waterproofing membrane. If properly planned and fitted, the soil mass or growth medium can provide a good heat buffer for the building - saving the sun's heat and releasing it into the building at night and thus keeping the temperature inside even more flat. A sudden cold spell is also propped up from the building.
One predicted problem with large green roofs is that flames may spread rapidly throughout the dry grass and crop areas when they are dried, for example, in summer by hot weather: Various countries set fire barriers made of, for example, wide strips gravel (partially decorative).
Sedum appears as a favorite because it is easily transportable and requires little care as it is a succulent plant that stays close to the ground throughout its growth, has light roots that do not damage the waterproofing membrane and the discoloration in the green season. , chocolate and purple to give a pleasing effect to the eyes.
Green roof water buffer
Water runoff and banjir bandang has become a problem especially in areas where there is a large amount of paving like in inner cities: When it rains (instead of flowing to the ground over a large area as before) the rain water system piping takes water running from large areas of paving, road surface and roof area - as the area becomes more and more awakened, the system overcomes less and less well even as rain-showers can generate water reserves from the irreversible pipes of large volumes of water and floods. By withholding rainfall, such as installing a green roof, flooding can be reduced or avoided: rain is absorbed into the middle ground and flows from the roof bit by bit as the roof becomes soaking wet.
Brown Roof
The Brownfield site is a construction site where existing buildings or structures were man-made before, compared to greenfield sites where humans expanded their building activity to natural areas. An interesting idea is a brown roof: Here the idea is to use building waste to provide new growth media on flat roofs (eg rubble/bricks produced as a by-product when existing structures are destroyed). The advantage is that there is no need to remove the debris from the site and the various species of flora and fauna that thrive in the ruined landscape can prosper - there are many examples in between. Unfortunately, in the UK at least, this idea is not so easy to practice, because the bureaucracy claims that debris is being analyzed and often a small number of what might be 'technically' termed pollution that might have been 'happy' over the years. that it was reused on the roof. If the architect of the building will have a certain brown roof then sometimes the debris is specifically carried on the truck, which to some extent defeats the object of nature maintenance, waste landfill reduction, the reduction of transport pollution and the reduction of transport volume. These brown roofs provide a successful wildlife habitat when properly planned and executed. They are either particularly favored with the type of plant selected or allowed for their own seeds and make the roof interesting and visually pleasing.
Roof deck
Modern development (since the 1960s) in deck construction, including flat roof deck, especially when used as a living room or roof commercial structure is to build a composite steel deck.
Flat roof stats
Flat roofs can be installed from product systems 10 to 50 years, depending on the product and installation process.
Type of flat roof cover
Asphalt
Asphalt is an aliphatic compound and in almost all cases is a by-product of the oil industry. Some of the asphalt is made from oil as the intended purpose, and it is limited to high quality asphalt produced for roofs built from more durable asphalt (BUR). Asphalt through photo-oxidation is accelerated by heat. As time passes, melting points rise and the loss of plasticization. When the mass disappears, the asphalt shrinks and forms a surface similar to that of a crocodile's skin. Asphalt breaks down slowly in the water, and is increasingly exposed to faster degradation. Asphalt is also easily soluble when exposed to oil and some solvents.
There are four types of roofing asphalt. Each type is made by heating and blowing with oxygen. The longer the process the higher the melting point of the asphalt. Therefore, Type I asphalt has the characteristics that are closest to coal tar and can only be used on the surface of die level. Type II, is considered flat and can be applied to surfaces up to 1/4 in 12 slopes. Type III, considered "steep" asphalt but limited to slopes up to 2 in 12, and Type IV is "steep specially". The drawback is, the longer the process, the shorter the age. The roof of die level where Asphalt Type I is used as flood adhesive and gravel has been done almost as well as coal tar. The asphalt roof is also sustainable by restoring the life cycle by making improvements and recoating with compatible products. This process can be repeated as necessary at significant cost savings with very little impact on the environment.
Asphalt BUR consists of several layers of reinforcement and asphalt layers that form a waterproof layer impermeability. The reflectivity of the roof constructed depends on the surface material used. Gravels are the most common and they are referred to as asphalt roofs and gravel. Asphalt degradation is a growing concern. The UV-rays oxidize the asphalt surface and produce residues such as lime. When the plasticizer is out of the asphalt, the paved roof becomes brittle. Cracks and crocodiles definitely follow, allowing water to penetrate the system causing blisters, cracks and leaks. Compared to other systems, the installation of asphalt roofing is energy intensive (heat processes usually use LP gas as a heat source), and contribute to atmospheric air pollution (toxic, and green house gases lost from asphalt during installation).
EPDM
Ethylene propylene diene rubber monomer (EPDM) is the most common synthetic rubber used in single layer roofing because it is easily available and easy to apply. Seaming and detail has evolved over the years and is fast, simple and reliable with many membranes including factory-applied ribbons, resulting in faster installation. The addition of this tape has reduced the workforce by 75%.
This is a low cost membrane, but when properly applied in the right place, the life span is guaranteed to reach 30 years and the life expectancy has reached 50 years.
There are three installation methods: ballasted, mechanically attached, and fully obeyed. The ballast roof is held in place by large cobblestone or sheets. The mechanically mounted roof membrane is held with nails and is suitable for some applications where wind speed is usually not high. The disadvantage is that the nail penetrates the impermeable membrane; if properly tied the membrane is "self-gasketing" and will not leak. The complete mounting method is proven to provide the longest performance of the three methods.
The most advanced EPDM has been combined with polyester fur support and is made with patented hot-melt adhesive technology that provides a consistent bonding strength between sheep and membrane backing. This has resulted in largely eliminating product depreciation, while still allowing to stretch up to 300% and move with buildings through the seasons. Eyelashes increase puncture and tear resistance significantly; 45-miles (1.1 mm) EPDM with feather support is 180% stronger than 60-mil EPDM (1.5 mm). EPDM-supported feathers have a tear strength of 39.9 kN/m (228 lbf/in) compared with 13.1 kN/m (75 lbf/in) than without feather strength, more than 3 times the strength of the unreinforced membrane.
Thermoset polymers are known for long-term weathering ability and can withstand temperature fluctuations and ultraviolet rays. They can also be great energy savers.
Turbo seals
Turbo seals are a self-healing, gel-like membrane that never heals. Made from 45% recycled tire rubber, it runs on the tar roof (asphalt) which is then covered with sheet membrane.
CSPE
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene is a synthetic rubber roofing material. This is more commonly known as Hypalon. This product is usually reinforced and depends on the manufacturer, the seam can be heat-welded or adhesive-based solvent-based. (No longer available in the US as full roofing membranes.)
Modified Bitumen
Asphalt is a term used for coal tar pitch and asphalt products. Modified bitumen was developed in Europe in the 1970s when Europeans became concerned with lower performance standards of asphalt roofing. The modifiers are added to replace the removed plasticizer by a sophisticated method of distillation. The two most common modifiers are APP (polypropylene ataktik) from Italy and SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene) from France. The United States began to develop modified asphalt compounds in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
APP is added to the asphalt to enhance the aging characteristics and is applied to polyester, fiberglass, or polyester and fiberglass membrane to form a good, long-cut sheet that can be managed for handling. Usually applied by heating the bottom of the roll with a torch giving a significant fire hazard and is prohibited in some cities when buildings are on fire and some are burned down. Another problem develops when the lack of standards allows some manufacturers to produce goods with an insufficient number of APPs to improve the aging characteristics.
SBS is used as a modifier to increase sub-standard asphalt and provide rubber-like flexibility. It is also applied to a myriad of operators and is produced as a sheet-in roll that can be easily handled.
SEBS (styrene ethylene butadiene styrene) is a formulation that improves sheet flexibility and long life.
SIS (styrene-isoprene-styrene) is another modifier used commercially. SIS-modified bitumen is rarely used, mainly used in self-adhesive sheets, and has a very small market share.
Modified asphalt membranes are hybrids that incorporate high-tech formulations and single-layered prefabricated benefits with traditional roof mounting techniques used in roofs built. This membrane is an asphalt layer made by a modified plant using a plastic or rubber material and combined with a reinforcement.
Cooled fluid applied membrane
Option for new roof and roof repairs. This type of roofing membrane is commonly referred to as Liquid Roof and involves the application of a cold layer of cold roof. No open flame or other heat source is required and glass fiber reinforced systems provide water-resistant protection around the roof bulge and detail. The system is based on flexible thermoset resin systems such as polyester and polyurethane, and poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA). In the UK, the liquid layer is the fastest growing sector in the flat roof repair market. Between 2005 and 2009 leading manufacturers in the UK have reported a 70% increase in the roof area covered by the coating system provided. The cold applied cold rubber provides the same benefits as the thermoset resin system with the added benefit of being rapidly applied and has high elasticity. Although relatively new to the UK market, it has been successfully used in the US market for 20 years.
PVC (vinyl) roofing roof
The roof of the Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) membrane is also known as the vinyl roof. Vinyl comes from two simple ingredients: fossil fuel and salt. Petroleum or natural gas is processed to make ethylene, and salt is subjected to electrolysis to separate the natural elements of chlorine. Ethylene and chlorine are combined to produce ethylene dichloride (EDC), which is then processed into a gas called vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). In the next step, known as polymerization, the VCM molecule forms a chain, converting the gas into a fine white vinyl resin - which forms the basis for the final process, compounding. In compounding, vinyl resins can be mixed with additives such as stabilizers for durability, plasticizers for flexibility and pigments for color.
Thermoplastics are a hot welding layer forming a stronger waterproof permanent bond than the membrane itself. PVC resins are modified with plasticizers and UV stabilizers, and reinforced with fiberglass non-woven mats or polyester woven scrims, for use as flexible roofing membranes. PVC, however, is subject to plasticizer migration . (a process whereby the plasticizer migrates out of the sheet causes it to become brittle.) Thus, the thicker membrane has a larger plasticizer reservoir to maintain flexibility over its lifetime. PVC is often mixed with other polymers to enhance the performance capability of original PVC formulations, such as KEE - Keytone Ethylene Ester. The mixture is referred to as CPA - Copolymer Alloy or TPA - Tripolymer Alloy.
The vinyl roof provides an energy-efficient roof option because of its bright coloring. While the surface of the black roof can experience an increase in temperature as much as 90 degrees under full sun heat, the white reflective roof usually only increases 5-14 degrees Celsius (10-25 degrees Fahrenheit).
Vinyl membranes can also be used in waterproofing applications for the roof. This is a common technique used in conjunction with a green roof, or a planted one.
FTPO
Flexible Thermo Polyolefin - Correct acronym for "Flexible" TPO products - maintaining the flexibility of "Thermo" - can be heated again and again, not curing "." Polyolefin "-a polymer produced from a simple olefin. Flexible Thermo Poly-Olefin is the proper physical and chemical name given to Thermo Plastic Olefin" TPO "products Though TPO exhibits positive characteristics of other Thermo Plastics, but lacks" plasticizers "" added to products like other Thermoplastics. This mis-categorization makes sense when a product was introduced in the early 1990s and is not proven in the industry. TPOs are categorized with similar thermoplastic membranes in appearance and performance but are far from real. the chemical and physical characteristics of the TPO membrane, the TPO is formulated to fix all the problems associated with other thermoplastic membranes, has no plasticizer and is chemically closer to the rubber but has better stitching, puncture, and tear. power, TPO touted to be a white welded rubber of the future. From 2007-2012 reported sales of TPO roofing products by all six report material manufacturers and sales of major US equipment doubled all other flat roofing materials. The gross sales of TPO membrane roofing in the US exceeds all other types of flat roofs combined. Rapid TPO market acceptance over the last twenty years by contractors, architects, engineers, and markets generally shows that they live up to their original goals and remain here to stay.
TPO is also touted as a green solution because it is safer for installers and 100% recyclable without chemical byproducts.
Flexible Thermo Polyolefin will soon replace Thermo Plastic Polyolefin as the correct abbreviation for the TPO membrane roofing category.
TPO
Thermoplastic Polyolefin one-tier roof. These roofing materials can be fully adhered to, mechanically fastened, or in ballasts. TPO stitching strength is reported to be three to four times higher than that of EPDM roof systems. This is a popular choice for "Green" buildings because no plasticizer is added and the TPO is not degraded under UV radiation. It is available in white, gray, and black. Using a white roof material helps reduce the "hot island effect" and the acquisition of solar heat in the building.
Coal tar pillar built on the roof
Coal pitch is a carcinogen, prohibited by code in some areas. When installing and mending existing coal tar roofs, workers and occupant exposure should be avoided, or minimized. Bat Mine Smoke is dangerous and provision must be made during application to prevent smoke from entering the building. Workers should wear protective gear and clothing, and usually receive higher compensation (salary payments) for health risk exposure.
Coal Tar is an aromatic hydrocarbon and a by-product of the coking process of the coal industry. Historically in abundance where coal is used in steel manufacturing. It is very slow through evaporation and is an excellent waterproof and oil resistant product. The roof is covered by heating the coal tar and applying it between layers of tar paper. It has limitations in terms of its application at a dead or flat roof level with slopes of less than 1/4 in 12. It has a tendency to soften in warm temperatures and "heal" itself. These are usually ballasts with gravel to provide a running surface, but mineral surface membranes are available. Coal Tar provides a very long life cycle that is sustainable and renewable. It takes energy to produce and build a roof with it but its proven longevity with periodic maintenance provides service for years, with ages from 50 to 70 years not infrequently, with some now performing over a century. Currently, there is a cold process (no kettle used) coal tar pitch products that virtually eliminate all smoke associated with typical heat process versions.
The coal terrace is often confused with asphalt and bitumen with coal tar pitch. Although both are black and both melt in the kettle when used on the roof, that's where the resemblance stops.
GRP roof - fiberglass
GRP roof is a single-ply GRP lamination that is applied there on top of plywood or a good-quality OSB deck. The roof is finished with a pre-formed GRP edge trim and a pre-pigmented topcoat layer.
The durability and lightweight nature of GRP makes it an ideal construction material for diverse applications such as aerofoils trucks and roofs, boats, pools and car body panels. GRP is also used in unfriendly industrial settings for applications such as underground tanks and pipelines; this is because of its ability to withstand high temperatures and its resistance to chemicals.
Unlike other roofing materials, GRP is not really a roofing material and has properties that make it more suitable for small craft construction. It is often used on small domestic installations, but usually fails prematurely when used on larger scale projects. As well as being inexpensive, it is strong, inflexible and will never corrode.
Flat metal roof
Metal is one of the few materials that can be used for pitched roofs and flat roofs. flat or low-slope roof can be covered with steel, aluminum, zinc, or copper like a pitched roof. However, metal shingles are impractical for flat roofs and roof repairers recommend standing seams and metal screw panels. While metals can be an expensive option in the short term, superior durability and simple maintenance of metal roofs usually save money in the long run. A study by Ducker International in 2005 identified an average cost per year from a metal roof to 30 cents/square foot while a single-ply roof stands at 57 cents and a built-up roof at 37 cents. Metal roofing is also one of the most environmentally friendly roofing options, with most metal roofing materials already containing 30-60% recycled content, and the product itself being 100% recyclable. The value of scrap metal that can be recycled can also benefit the homeowner; after replacement of the roof, scrap metal from the old roof can be sold to cover a potentially large part of the cost of the original material.
Benefits and uses
Flat roof is the most cost-effective roof form because all space can be fully utilized (under and above the roof). Having a smaller surface area, flat roof requires less material and is usually stronger than a supported roof. This stylish roof also provides ample space for solar panels or outdoor recreational use such as a roof garden. Applying a hard waterproofing membrane forms an ideal substrate for a green roof planting scheme.
Where gable roofs are not common or limited space, flat roofs can be used as living spaces, with sheltered kitchens, bathrooms, living and sleeping areas. In third world countries, such roofs are usually used as a place to dry laundry, for storage, and even as a place for raising livestock. Other uses include pigeon cooperatives, helipads, sports areas (such as tennis courts), and an outdoor restaurant.
Nursing and rating
The flat roof lasts longer if properly maintained. Some assessors use 10 years as the average life cycle, although this depends on the type of flat roof system in place. Some old masons and pebbles admit that unless the roof has been ignored for too long and there are many problems in many areas, BUR (roof built of tar, paper and gravel) will last 20-30 years. There is a BUR system in place dating to the early 1900s.
The modern cold liquid film has been assessed for durability by the British Board of Agreement (BBA) for 30 years. BBA approval is a benchmark in determining the suitability of a particular fiberglass roof system. If a standard polyester fiberglass resin is used like the same resin used in boat repairs, then there will be a problem with the roof being too inflexible and unable to accommodate the expansion and contraction of the building. The flexible resin/elastomer resin system suitable for use as an impermeable membrane will last for years only with the occasional inspection required. The fact that such membranes do not require rock fragments to bend heat means there is no risk of stones blocking the waterways. Membranes that are applied with liquids are also naturally resistant to moss and moss.
Common flat roof treatments include getting rid of pool water, usually within 48 hours. This is done by adding a roof channel or scuppers to the pool at the edge or an automatic siphon for the pond in the center of the roof. Automatic Siphon can be made with inverted ring sprinkler, garden hose, wet/dry vacuum, vacuum-mounted valve, and digital timer. The timer runs two or three times a day for a minute or two to start water in a hose. The timer then turns off the vacuum, but the weight of the water in the hose continues the siphon and immediately opens the valve in a vacuum. The best time to address the pond water problem is during the design phase of the new roof project when enough falls can be designed to take standing water. The faster the water comes out of the roof, the less chance of a roof leak.
All roofs should be checked semi-annually and after a major storm. Particular attention should be paid to transmitters around all roof penetrations. Sharp bends in places like that can open and need to be sealed with plastic cement, mesh and small shovel mason. In addition, the seam repair of flashing at the bottom of flashing should be done. 90% of all roof leaks and failures occur in flashing. Another important maintenance item, which is often overlooked, is keeping roof channels free of debris. Clogged roof ducts will cause water to the pond, causing an increased "dead load" load on buildings that may not be engineered to accommodate that weight. In addition, the pool of water on the roof can freeze. Often, water finds its way into a flickering and frozen layer, weakening the seams.
For the maintenance of bituminous roof coverings also includes keeping gravel-covered tar paper, older methods, which are currently replaced by bituminous roofing membranes and the like, which must be 'glued' in place so that the wind and waves do not move cause scouring and more spots naked. Glue can be a glue of the exterior class such as the entrance layer coating.
Treatment also includes repairing blisters (delamination) or creases that may not leak but will leak over time. They may need experienced help because they need the erosion of gravel on a cool morning when the tread is fragile, cut open, and cover it with plastic cement or mastic and mesh. Any moisture trapped in blisters should be dried before repair.
Roof coatings can be used to repair leaks and extend the life of all types of flat roofs by preventing degradation by the sun (ultra-violet radiation). Thickness of 30 dry miles is usually preferred and after fully healed, you will have a seamless waterproof membrane.
Infrared thermography is used to take a roof image at night to find the point of trouble. When the roof is cold, wet spots are not visible to the naked eye, continuing to radiate heat. The infrared camera reads the heat trapped in the wet insulation section.
Cool roof
Roof systems that can produce high solar reflectance (the ability to reflect visible, infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths, reduce heat transfer to the building) and high heat transfer power (the ability to release a large percentage of absorbed, or not reflected solar energy ) is called a cool roof. The cool roof falls into one of these three categories: a green roof that is planted cool and cool or coated with cold material.
- A cool and cool roof: A roofing membrane made of white or light material is essentially reflective and achieves some of the highest reflections and measurements of the transmit power from which roofing material is capable. Roofs made of white thermoplastic vinyl, for example, can reflect 80% or more of sunlight and emit at least 70% of the solar radiation absorbed by the building. The asphalt roof only reflects between 6 and 26% of solar radiation, resulting in greater heat transfer to building interiors and greater demand for air conditioning - strain on operating costs and power grids.
- Green roof planted: Green roof is a roof that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and growing medium, planted on top of waterproof membrane. Green roofs usually consist of many layers, including the insulating layer; waterproof membrane, often vinyl; the drainage layer, usually made of lightweight gravel, clay, or plastic; geotextile mats or filters that permit pervasive water but prevent the erosion of fine soil particles; growing media; plant; and, sometimes, the wind blanket. Green roofs are classified as intensive or extensive, depending on the depth of growing media and the amount of maintenance required. Traditional roof gardens, which are labor intensive and require reasonable depth of soil to grow large crops are considered intensive, while large green roofs are almost self-sufficient and require less maintenance.
- Layered roof: One way to create reflective roofs of existing or new ones is by applying a specially designed white roof coating (not just white paint) on the roof surface. The layer should be rated Energy Star. The reflectivity and emissivity ratings for reflective roofing products available in the United States can be found on the Cool Roof Rating website.
A cool roof offers short-term and long-term savings in building energy costs. A reasonable cold roof, a coated roof and a planted or green roof can:
- Reduce the heat recovery of a building, since a white or reflective roof usually only increases 5-14Ã, Â ° C (10-25Ã, Â ° F) above ambient temperature during the day
- Increase life expectancy from roofing membranes and building cooling equipment.
- Increase thermal efficiency of roof insulation; this is because as the temperature increases, the thermal conductivity of the roof insulation also increases.
- Reduce power demand by as much as 10 percent on hot days.
- Reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
- Provides energy savings, even in northern climates on sunny days (not necessarily "hot").
See also
- Weighing rehearsed
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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