Carnelian

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Carnelian (also spelled cornelian ) is a brownish red mineral used as a semi-precious gem. Similar to carnelian is sard , which is generally louder and darker (the difference is not rigidly defined, and both names are often used interchangeably). Both carnelian and sard are varieties of mineral silica kalsedon stained by iron oxide impurities. The color can vary widely, ranging from pale orange to intense black color. This is most common in Brazil, India, Siberia and Germany.

Video Carnelian

History

Various red chalctone is known as the beads since the Early Neolithic in Bulgaria. The first aspect (with 1616 constant 16 = 32 facets on each side of the bead) carnival beads is described from the cemetery of Varna Chalolithic (middle of the 5th mill BC) (Kostov, Pelevina, 2008). Drill bows are used to drill holes into a carnival in Mehrgarh between 4-5 millennia BC. Carnelian is found from the Ancient Bronze Age layer at Knossos in Crete in a form that shows its use in decorative art; this date of use is about 1800 BC. Carnelian was used extensively during the Roman era to make the engraved gems for seal rings or seals to include seals with candles on correspondence or other important documents. Hot wax does not stick to the carnelian. Sard is used for Assyrian cylinder seals, Egyptian and Phoenician scarabs, and early Greek and Etruscan gems. The Hebrew word odem , the first stone in the High Priest's chest cover, is a red stone, probably a sard but may be a red jasper. In Revelation 4: 3, He who sits on the heavenly throne seen in the vision of John, the apostle is said to be "looks like a jasper and carnival."

Maps Carnelian

Etymology

Although now the more common term, "carnelian" is the 16th century corruption of the 14th century word "cornelian" (and its related orthography corneline and cornalyn). The Cornelian, a cognate with similar words in several Roman languages, is derived from the Latin of the corneolus , itself derived from the Latin cornum , cornel cherry, the translucent red fruit looks like a stone. The Oxford English Dictionary calls "carnelian" a deviation from "cornelian", with subsequent analogy with the Latin word caro, carnis, meat. According to Pliny the Elder, sard gets its name from the town of Sardis in Lydia, but more likely comes from Persian word ??? sered , which means yellowish red.

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Difference between carnelian and sard

Carnelian and sard names are often used interchangeably, but they can also be used to describe different subvarieties. The general differences are as follows:

All these properties vary across the continuum, so the boundary between carnelian and sard is inherently opaque.

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See also

• Carnelian (color)
• Mineral list

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References

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Further reading

• Allchin, B. 1979. Agile and carnival industries in West India and Pakistan. - In: South Asian archeology 1975. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 91-105.
• Beck, H. C. 1933. Carved carved beads. - The Antiquaries Journal, 13, 4, 384-398.
• Bellina, B. 2003. Beads, social changes and interactions between India and Southeast Asia. - Antiquity, 77, 296, 285-297.
• Brunet, O. 2009. Production of carnelian beads Bronze and Iron Age in the UAE and Armenia: a new perspective. - Proceedings of Seminar for Arab Studies, 39, 57-68.
• Carter, A. K., L. Dussubieux. 2016. Geological provenience analysis of agate and carnelian beads using laser ablation-induced coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): A case study from the Iron Age of Cambodia and Thailand. - J. Archeol. Sci: Reports, 6, 321-331.
• Cornaline de l'Inde. Technique des pratiques de Cambay aux techno-systÃÆ'¨mes de l'Indus (Ed. J.-C. Roux). 2000. Æ' t tions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris, 558 p.
• Glover, I. 2001. Cornaline de l'Inde. Technique des pratiques de Cambay aux techno-systÃÆ'¨mes de l 'Indus (sous la direction de V. Roux). - Bulletin de l'Ecole franÃÆ'§aise d'ExtrÃÆ'ªme-Orient, 88, 376-381.
• Inizan, M.-L. 1999. La cornaline de l'Indus ÃÆ' la MÃÆ'Ã… © sopotamie, production and circulation: la voie du Golfe au IIIe millà © naire. - In: Cornaline et pierres prà © cà © cieuses. De Sumer ÃÆ' l'Islam (Ed By F. Tallon), Musà ©  © e du Louvre, Paris, 127-140.
• Insoll, T., D. A. Polya, K. Bhan, D. Irving, K. Jarvis. 2004. Towards an understanding of the carnival bead trade from West India to sub-Saharan Africa: UV-LA-ICP-MS implementation to carnivals from Gujarat, India and West Africa. - J. Archaeol. Sci., 31, 8, 1161-1173.
• Kostov, R. I., O. Pelevina. 2008. Complex beads and other carnelian beads from the necropolis of Varna Chalcolithic: archaeological analysis. - In: Proceedings of the International Conference "Geology and Archaeomineralogy". Sofia, 29-30 October 2008. Sofia, Publisher Building "St. Ivan Rilski", 67-72.
• Mackay, E. 1933. The carnival beads are decorated. - Men, 33, September, 143-146.
• Theunissen, R. 2007. Agate and carnelian ornaments. - In: Excavation of Noen U-Loke and Non Muang Kao (Eds C. Higham, A. Kijngam, S. Talbot). Department of Fine Arts of Thailand, Bangkok, 359-377.

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External links

• Mindat article about carnival
• Mindat article on sard

Source of the article : Wikipedia